Clean Well Lighted Place Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Clean Well Lighted Place Essay, Research Paper A Clean, Well Lighted Place is an account of obvious radiations and shadows, of the concurrence of # 8221 ; being # 8221 ; and # 8221 ; nothingness # 8221 ; . An old grown-up male sits outside the café, on the yard, where all the plain arraies are unfilled with the exception of so one he sits at. He stows away himself in the shadow # 8211 ; the ideal covering up place, a fort for a person who needs to remain unseeable and unnoticed to the individuals he watches. They # 8211 ; the watched 1s # 8211 ; do non even experience his quality, so close and touchable, in spite of the fact that there are some who thoroughly understand him. ? The undisturbed and untroubled harmony of dim is his # 8221 ; head cut # 8221 ; . He feels the distinction so. To a hard of hearing person quietness of the dull brings mitigation and comfort after the twenty-four hours brimming with # 8221 ; clamor # 8221 ; . That lightening he experiences in the shadow, under the tree, the foliage of which shields him from the electric noticeable radiation, in spite of the fact that he is one of these strange individuals who feel the solid interest of obvious radiation in obscurity. We will compose a custom paper test on Clean Well Lighted Place Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ? The hostility and unfriendliness of one of the servers towards the old grown-up male and, on the different manus, the mercy and comprehension of the other is the picture how shadow and obvious radiation pervade one another, in spite of the fact that they stand apart for completely inverse values. The more youthful of these two has a hitched lady sitting tight in bed for him, and is non truly ready to stay in the café through the entire dull, holding up until the last singular pays the measure and goes place. That is the reason he is so disturbed with the old grown-up male, who # 8211 ; being as of now soak up # 8211 ; requests one more and again drink. The hr is the thing that undertakings to him. He needs to travel place, to disguise in the shadow and to happen a type of tranquility of head. Thusly he appears to look like the old grown-up male the two of them evade obvious radiation, for them two the shadow has got more to make with their lives than obvious radiation. ? The more seasoned server has all the earmarks of being the 1 who expect a more inviting demeanor towards those individuals who stay delinquently at the café. His profound solid conviction that there are some who need a noticeable radiation for the dim is solid to the point that it does non let him to quiet down early bounty in light of the fact that there might be somebody who needs the bistro every dim. What's more, the way that there are bodegas ( basements ) open every dull doe non follow up on his way of thought. This will be this café that is so alluring to individuals for it is perfect and charming. What's more, # 8211 ; what is likely more of import # 8211 ; it is acceptable lit. All such a bistro request is light. Be that as it may, he other than references shadows of the foliages # 8211 ; the structures made by light # 8211 ; by which he conceivably implies the topographic point covered up in the shadow, a safe house for each one of the individuals who request noticeable radiation in obscurity however watch it being secured by shadow. ? Light is being while shadow is nothingness . The individuals who needs noticeable radiation are alive 1s. Those populating in the shadow lock themselves in void , their departure from the world. An old grown-up male is a blend of both. On one manus he remains alive delinquently at dim sitting in the topographic point brimming with light yet on the other he separates himself in void since he inclines toward sitting in the shadow, covered up, secured furthermore, hypothetically missing. ? For the more seasoned server the ground for remaining delinquently at the café and the way that he does non experience like dozing, however it is about morning, is each piece basic as unwellness. At the terminal of the account he says to himself : # 8220 ; After all ( # 8230 ; ) it is likely simply a sleeping disorder. Many must hold it . The choice that as an issue of certainty the entire story is about nil yet suffering from the unconventional sickness.

47 of the Best Training Resources to Hone Your Marketing Skills

47 of the Best Training Resources to Hone Your Marketing Skills Showcasing groups are continually occupied. There’s scarcely sufficient opportunity to jump on your undertakings, considerably less remove two or three hours from the day to do some advertising preparing. In any case, here’s a thought†¦ Imagine a scenario where the preparation helped your group be increasingly proficient at their employments. In this way sparing time over the long haul. Not certain where to go to locate the correct preparing open doors for your advertising group? No pressure. This post contains a far reaching rundown of the best free and paid showcasing courses to enable your group to sharpen their promoting abilities. Look at this amazing rundown of the best free and paid showcasing preparing resources.Help Your Team Develop Agile Marketing Skills Before we plunge into all the showcasing preparing openings, let’s talk about a genuinely necessary promoting skill†¦ Undertaking the executives. You know the inclination †The one where you’re suffocating in work, pursuing interminable announcements and scarcely keeping an idea about all the things your group is taking a shot at. We’ve all been there. ðÿ˜ ¬ It doesn’t must be like this. Look at how actualizing an Agile way to deal with your showcasing can change your (work) life. Chapter by chapter list Content Marketing Website optimization Programming Examination Web based life PPC Why Training is Important for Marketing Teams There is apparently no office at an association that ought to organize preparing more than the showcasing division. Listen to me on this one†¦ Would you be able to consider anything inside an association that moves quicker than advertising? Advertisers are under obligation to changing web based life rules†¦ Web crawler calculation updates†¦ Email security regulations†¦ The rundown goes on. Advertisers need consistantâ training to remain up to date. Advertisers are likewise regularly expected to wear different caps. How often have you needed to make a fast realistic for online networking †despite the fact that you’re not a visual architect? OR†¦ How often have you needed to bounce into Google Analytics to check the wellbeing of your substance showcasing endeavors, in spite of your constrained investigation information? Many I wager. These are incredible instances of why advertisers can (and should) take a course or two to catch up on abilities outside of their mastery. Authoritative Benefits of Training and Development Expanding worker inspiration and diminishing turnover is something each organization takes a stab at. Turns out, a straightforward method to do this is to offer your representatives an incredible preparing and advancement program. Here are on the whole the insights about the hierarchical advantages of preparing and improvement: Organizations have aâ 218%â higher pay per worker than those without formalized preparing. There’s a 24%â higher overall revenue for organizations that organize preparing than the individuals who don’t. 40%â of representatives who don’t get preparing will leave their situations inside the main year. 87%â of Millennials state that proficient improvement is critical to them. 70%â of people say preparing and advancement openings impact their choice to remain at an organization.

Too Much Funding Can Kill Your Business

Too Much Funding Can Kill Your Business Funding is essential for a business to carry out daily operations. The choice of how to attain funding is a decision made by the business owners and there are multiple options available. The decision to seek a certain type of funding is not governed only by the owner’s discretion; there are external factors that affect a business’ funding choice. Examples of such factors include the solvency of the founders, the amount of money that is needed to run the business and the financing required to maintain the business.The choices available to business owners for funding are diverse and characteristically different. This means that some forms of funding are preferred in certain situations than others. Bank loans are a popular choice for small businesses and opening a line of credit or corporate credit cards have also been popular choices. If a person wants to keep the business out of external risk, they can dip into their savings, take out a loan from a 401k or get in investment from f amily and friends. © Shutterstock.com | MelpomeneIn this article we will review the 1) importance of funding for a business, 2) the dangers of too much funding, 3) financial leverage, and 4) concerns related to financial leverage.IMPORTANCE OF FUNDING FOR A BUSINESSSeed moneyBefore a company can get started, it needs seed money. This covers the most basic startup expenses. Seed money triggers the initial push a company needs to enter into the market. Typically seed money is used to buy materials that get the business into ignition. This includes office supplies, other office equipment, setting up a business website, business cards, etc.Cash FlowThe next reason for funding is the cash flow a business needs. When a business starts to operate the profit and revenue is generally low and cannot cover much of the regular expenses. The business owner themselves need to get a salary for personal expenditure and if they have employees, their wages or salaries need to be paid on time as well. Apart from the peo ple, the business operating site require rent, utilities, insurance and a list of other regular expenses that need to be taken care of.ExpansionYour business is now doing well, it has taken off and the demand for your products or services has increased. Expansion is the next step and with it come new expenses. If your company has outgrown its current operating offices and you require a bigger space, that means more rent. Increased demand for your product creates the need to increase manufacturing, hire new employees and therefore an increase in funding. Thus to expand your business you need funds, the amount of which depends on the extent and type of expansion.RepairsWhen running a business you cannot expect everything to run smoothly. Natural disasters can occur and completely uproot a business, and even though there is insurance that provides cover for such incidents during repair times, there are expenses that need attention. Coming to less disastrous outcomes, there might be equ ipment that needs to be fixed; some of the outdated machines might need to be upgraded. And for such tasks, external funding options can come in handy.DANGERS OF GETTING TOO MUCH FUNDINGThe decisions that people make in the starting stages of their business regarding funding leave a lasting impact. The decisions made in the initial stages of business have an impact on how the company will mature and grow. So, decisions regarding funding need to be made in an informed manner.Below we discuss some of the dangers of too much funding.Raising Too High of a ValuationAlthough taking on greater funding might seem like a good idea, it does have its downside. Gathering high valuations initially can lead to expectations that maybe out of the reach of a company that has only just begun operations. Companies that are new market entrants might not have the market knowledge to achieve targets that come coupled with high value funding.There is also the need to manage company expectations; during th e seed period companies do not have substantial evidence to support the ability to deliver high targets, thus creating concerns of the business being overvalued. A better idea for a seed-stage business would be to begin with small amounts and achievable targets; this will create a solid base to attract better quality investors who can nudge the company in the right direction.Not Being Selective About Who You Want Investing In Your BusinessBusiness owners need to scan and filter the potential investors they have attracted so that they can maintain a small and efficient investor base. The idea behind being selective of investors stems from the notion that a large number of investors can be difficult to manage. It is better to have a small number of investors fill a financial quota than several. Let’s say a small business has sixty investors (a large number for a small business) this means that when making decisions the business proprietor will need to take into account sixty opinion s and sixty expectations.Regarding this point institutional investors are a great choice; they generally invest for a long time and can be very helpful. On the downside institutional investors can be high maintenance. The second choice of private and small investors leads to more agile investors but handling them can be time consuming.Choosing the Wrong Angel RouteAs a follow up to the previous point, there is also the need for entrepreneurs to scan and filter investors for quality. The number of investors should be small and well informed; this cuts back the time it takes to explain to investors menial things. If you have a large investor base then you should establish a one person proxy for a group of investors.When you are scanning and filtering investors for quality choose those who have had experience investing in your respective industry. They can provide helpful information and explain some of the workings of the industry to new industry entrants. FINANCIAL LEVERAGEFinancial leverage refers to borrowing of funds in order to expand business, increase production, increase sales and earnings. Its figure value is calculated by dividing the total debt of a company by the total assets of the company. The larger the figure, the greater is the financial leverage.A widely recognized measure, financial leverage is used in numerous business analyses. Helpful in the case of both institutional investors and small private investors, it helps in determining whether a business can help in achieving the objectives or not.Managing a business’ financial leverage is an important decision. The decision is never black or white, increasing your financial leverage can be good under certain conditions; for example during times of economic boom it is generally beneficial for businesses to borrow funds to attempt to increase revenue. But during recessions high leverage can cause serious cash flow problems for businesses.The question regarding financial leverage is not only abou t borrowing funds, but also how much to borrow. On the plus side, given favorable conditions, borrowing more funds and increasing your financial leverage helps the company grow and can also help in increasing revenue so taking on greater leverage under favorable conditions seems like the right choice. In contrast borrowing more funds leaves your business with higher interest expenses and the potential for greater loss, since higher interest costs increase a business’ breakeven point. A large amount of leverage also means greater debt; this can cause a person to lose control of their business as covering the debt becomes a primary objective of business operations thus restricting the business. CONCERNS RELATED TO FINANCIAL LEVERAGEOccasionally described as a double edged sword, financial leverage is important in business management. Helpful when employed correctly, financial leverage has the potential to be highly beneficial to a business. It can also be damaging to a business, tak ing on more debt can ruin a business’ image in the market not only for investors but also for financing institutions as a falling credit rating will only be harmful to the business. Greater fixed costs due to interest expenses also have the potential to reduce profits.Taking on financial leverage has certain side effects on a business that can affect it minutely or significantly. It is the process of employing the gathered funds that is determinant of business prosperity or decline. There are external factors out of the control of business owners that play a part in how effective the gathered funds are.Below we expand on some of the concerns related to financial leverage.Interest ExpenseInterest expense is a tax deductible expense; this characteristic is a motive for businesses to borrow as borrowing now becomes a cheaper source of financing. But the cheaper source of financing requires the return of the principle amount plus interest. So when a business takes on too much debt the interest expense increases accordingly, this puts a drain on the business profits as more and more of the revenue is spent to cover the interest expenses.Taking on large amounts of borrowed finance may also make creditors suspicious about a business’ ability to repay the debt. This will make future financing difficult and may lead to the business’ credit rating to fall. The higher interest expense also drains cash and liquidity, leaving the business at risk of bankruptcy should cash fall short.Equity InvestorsWhen a company takes on leverage to better its performance, there are cases where the debt has negative side-effects. Successfully employed financial debt can help in expanding the business and increasing revenue which in turn increases a company’s EPS. The higher EPS is beneficial not only for the company but also for potential investors.But when businesses take on too much debt the increasing interest expenses and default risk act as a disincentive for investors. The h igh default risk causes potential investors to look at the business as a potential failure and also causes existing investors to take out their investments from the business. The decreased demand for company shares coupled with existing investments being drawn out lead to the decline of the company stock. And because too much leverage leads to difficulties in selling equity, the company has to take on more debt to finance itself. This extends into a circle of taking on more debt that eventually ends in bankruptcy.Magnifies LossesEven though the purpose of taking on financial leverage is to magnify profits, it can also result in the magnification of losses that a business might incur. It is under favorable conditions that a business can magnify its profits and pay off the debt it has taken on. But in the case of a business not going smoothly the losses that might occur are also magnified. This is the case because when a business has taken on more debt it has increased its interest pa yments. So if the business is not earning enough revenue and cannot cover its fixed costs, the higher interest expense only increase the losses that the business in incurring.Explaining this concept using examples, we assume that a business has borrowed immensely to fund new capital it plans to use in production. As it starts the increased production the demand for their product decreases in the market, this leads the excess product as well as some of the previously produced product to become surplus. Now with higher fixed costs due to taking on greater debt the loss for the company is magnified.Higher Break-even PointThe concept behind a business earning profits is earning enough revenue to cover all its costs and still have some money left over. The costs consist of fixed costs, the costs that have to be primarily filled and variable costs, whose values can be altered. When a business takes on financial leverage and borrows funds to help it grow, the interest payments become a par t of the fixed costs. This means that before other tasks the objective of the revenue generated is to fulfill the interest payments.Now as a business takes on more and more debt the fixed costs keep on increasing due to the addition of new interest expenses. This demands that the business generate more revenue if it is to maintain its level of profit. The demand for greater revenue to earn profit is the higher break-even point for the business.In conclusion more debt leads to higher interest expenses (higher fixed costs) which require greater revenue to be fulfilled thus a greater break-even point for the business.

Racism Black Or White - 949 Words

Black or White? Caucasian, African American, Indian, Asian, Native Hawaiian: together all of these races make up the different racial groups in America. Racism is the belief that race is the reason for human traits and that racial differences cause a race to be inferior or superior to other races. Racism affects how Americans live and work together in America. Recitatif by Toni Morrison published in 1983, fifteen years after the Civil Rights Movement, is an example of fictional writing that addresses the topic of racism that occurred in America. Morrison’s use of main characters with unrealved races in the context of the era of the civil rights movement allows readers to clearly understand her critique on racism: the color of a person’s skin does not matter. Throughout Recitatif Morrison never reveals Twyla s or Roberta’s race to the reader. However, what race they are can be debated, based on information Morrison gives in the story. For example, Roberta smells funny, can’t read, and has big hair. For a reader to come to a conclusion on what race they think Roberta was by those three attributes of her would mean the reader would be relying on stereotypes to help them come to their conclusion. The fact that Morrison never reveals to the reader Twyla’s or Roberta’s race indicates that either Caucasian or African American people are cable of acting or even looking the way Twyla and Roberta did. Morrison wants people to let go of any racial prejudice or stereotypes that theyShow MoreRelatedBlack And White Racism : Racism1189 Words   |  5 PagesName: Course: Tutor: Date: Black and White Racism Introduction For a long time, racism has occurred as a controversial and hotly debated topic in the American society. Racism has infiltrated the way individuals behave, think, and act in different capacities. It is a grievous insult in referring somebody to as a ‘racist’. Black Americans have accused whites, the nation’s ethnic majority for racism, whereas whites have also accused blacks of racism. Widespread uncertainty, disagreement, and confusionRead MoreRacial Racism : Black And White Americans1484 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many layers to American racism. I will break it down to 3 layers and explain the consequences these types of racism have. The first lay is historical racism. Historical racism is what most stereotypes what racism is suppose to be. In this category you would think of things such as lynching, the enslaved people working the fields, use of the word nigger, segregation and Jim Crow laws but that isn’t even the start of it. 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The means by which whites have defended their dominant position, however, has changed dramatically over time (Bobo, Kluegel Smith 1997). Overt racism based on â€Å"scientific† classification of blacks as inherently inferior to whites has c eded to covert forms of racism in contemporary America; asRead MoreRacism By Bob Blauner s Article, Blacks And Whites Often Talk Past One Another908 Words   |  4 PagesIn Bob Blauner’s article he quotes, â€Å"Blacks and whites often talk past one another† (Blauner 57). This statement speaks the truth when discussing how the two races view racism. Whites tend to view racism in a narrow perspective, which involves the idea that racism is interpersonal and that it involves discrimination and prejudice. Blacks view racism in a wider perspective, which involves racism as impersonal, unintentional and apart of the institutions in society. 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Color blind racism is believed to have lead to the segregation of the white race from other minorities called white habitus. Color blind racism and white habitus has affected many people, whom donâ€⠄¢t even realize that they are, have been or will be affected. Color blind racism is an â€Å"ideology,Read MoreRacism Is Not A Thing That You Are Born With Racism1246 Words   |  5 Pagesworld many colours â€Å"Racism is taught in our society; it is not automatic. It is learned behaviour toward persons with dissimilar physical characteristics.† (Alex Haley) Racism is not a thing that you are born with, racism is something which is learnt through the language of the society around you. Harper Lee in her book To Kill a Mockingbird explores with the irrationality of adult attitudes to race and class in the Deep South of the 1930s. In this novel it is seen that racism is taught it is notRead MoreThe Hard Times of Blacks in the South in the 1940s624 Words   |  3 PagesThe Hard Times Of Blacks In The South In The 1940’s Racism was a big issue in the south in the 1940’s. Racism was a major issue in the south back then because of all kind of reasons for example the KKK, and the laws that would make the blacks inferior to the whites in the southern society. The author Richard Wright wrote the book Black Boy about his own childhood. Richard Wright’s writing was influenced by his experiences with racism, Jim Crow laws, and segregation in the south in the early 1940’sRead MoreTwo Colors One Land1881 Words   |  7 Pagesthat people are assumed. When one takes one slice of the big cake he or she can realize that the taste of the cake is not same for all races in U.S. There is a non ignorable categorization between the races in U.S. Jefferson M. Fish defines racism: â€Å"Treating people unfairly because of their group membership†. (2011) There are many advertisements that introduce U.S as the land of opportunities and land of freedom. U.S is one of the most developed countries about economic conditions and

Weight Debate The Freshman Twenty - 1314 Words

Kaitlynn Beaulieu Professor Healy English 123 17 April 2015 Weight Debate: The Freshman Fifteen Every college student knows about the midnight pizza runs, unlimited food in the dining halls, the ice cream bar, the two-in-the-morning cravings, and that plethora of snacks in the dorm room. In college, students get to make their own life choices, do whatever they want to do, and eat whatever they want to eat. Unfortunately, many college students make poor choices when it comes to their eating habits. A large majority of college students gain weight over the course of their freshman year, and the fact that such an extreme weight gain happens is so significant that it has earned itself a lasting name: the â€Å"Freshman Fifteen.† The freshman fifteen is a title used to describe the excessive amount of weight gained during the course of a college student’s freshman year. In actuality, the freshman â€Å"fifteen† is a misnomer; the name stuck because it is alliteration and it happens to be a catchy name. The number fifteen is al so a fairly daunting number when talking about weight-gain, though there are a number of people that have gained fifteen pounds during the course of their freshman year. When incoming college students gain weight, they can gain anywhere from five to twenty pounds, but most students only rack up enough to physically show that they’ve gained weight. According to a report made by the Journal of American College Health in 2005, Jim Dryden states â€Å"70% of collegeShow MoreRelatedNational Collegiate Athletic Association1726 Words   |  7 Pagesathletes across the United States of America. (Jcoram) Others that should join the cause are university presidents, athletic departments, sport commissioners, and coaches as well. 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The reason that it is like that is because the people who live in the United States are free to do to themselves as they please. This is what makes, in my opinion, America one of the greatest countries in the world. This isn’t a political debate so I am not going to get very deep into it, but I do not believe that the government has the right to tell its citizens what they can and cannot put in their bodies. In the United States you can eat anything you pretty much want. However, there areRead MoreThe Effects Of Homework On The American Educational System1804 Words   |  8 Pages Since the introduction of homework into the American educational system, the debate over how much work should be given to students has been constant. This debate has led to research being done on the nature of homework in schools, as well as explanations for why homework amounts vary among students. 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Affirmative action is a recent attempt to solve the discriminations produced by racial inequality. However, affirmative action is also being scrutinized as scholars and the public debate the benefits and harms of affirmative action. A Historical View Throughout the past 30 years, affirmative action has been the answer to racial inequality. The policy began in 1965 under President Johnson. It was used to redressRead More The Legitimacy of Electronic Scholarly Publishing Essay example3539 Words   |  15 Pageselectronic submissions of manuscripts(Harder H467). As scholarly electronic publishing develops as complement and competition to traditional publishing, the promotion and tenure boards at all universities will have to decide on the weight that electronic publishing will carry in annual evaluations; in essence, are electronic publications as respectable and credible as traditional publications? 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My actions indicated that I had already made all of the deci... sions, and that the teams suggestions would carry no weight. I had to change my leadership approach to focus on facilitating collaboration rather than dictating a course of action. Because our consultants present information in a systematic and analytical fash... ion when communicating with our clients, IRead MoreCorporate Finance174197 Words   |  697 Pagesframework of stock valuation explicitly includes these. At the other extreme, we could argue that these are non-economic phenomena and are best handled through the political process. A classic (and highly relevant) thought question that illustrates this debate goes something like this: â€Å"A firm has estimated that the cost of improving the safety of one of its products is $30 million. However, the firm believes that improving the safety of the product will only save $20 million in product liability claims

Organization of Study Time Free Essays

string(66) " is simply a case of getting your head down and working at these\." Study and revision skills INFO This section covers the following ideas and material: An introduction to revision methods, including †¢ concept mapping, ? ow charts and mind maps †¢ planned revision timing †¢ practising examination technique. General study methods Organisation of study time The examinations are looming large. Suddenly you realise that you do need your notes and experimental work from the last year or two. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization of Study Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Are they in good shape? Well†¦! It is worth remembering that revision is just that. It shouldn’t be the first time that you have tried to get to grips with a subject. Organisation of study habits over a whole course is a vital part of being successful. This certainly means practical things, such as making sure that your notes are intact and readable. But it also includes making sure that you have understood the ideas and connections as you have covered a topic. Nothing can be worse than trying to learn masses of material that you don’t understand. The best preparation for an examination begins a long time before it! This spreads the load and lessens the tension as the examination approaches. Figure 1 summarises various aspects of preparing for examinations. The coursework ‘arm’ emphasises not only the collection of good notes directly from class, but also the need to look at and use material from outside. Reading reference material and taking useful notes from it is a skill in itself. Table 1 outlines different methods of reading and their purpose. The first three methods are more appropriate to using books for reference. However, there is an increasing number of popular science books and magazines for which the last two methods are appropriate. In addition, there is an increasing amount of reference material now available on CD-ROM and, most significantly, the internet. You should find ways of using this material, as it provides a more interactive presentation of the material. The ability to make notes and topic summaries as you work through a course is important, as they can then be used as a starting point for revision. You should not think of practical work in chemistry as separate from other classwork. The ideas and detailed information from the practicals are important in reinforcing your understanding of a topic. Indeed, a particular experiment may help you to remember and understand a crucial idea – giving you a visual clue on which to ‘hang’ the idea in your memory. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 1 reading CD-ROM practical work classnotes COURSEWORK review cards summary sheets Information how much? when? spider diagrams Or gan isin topic lists mind maps gn ote s O n rga g isin tim e take breaks REVISION SKILLS use a timetable u St sk ill key words and ideas s dy bi ha stick to timetab le or y ts M em suitable place regular reviews use summaries, spider diagrams and mind maps Figure 1 Revision involves organisation and the development of particular skills. alone or with a friend ime of day Type of reading skimming scanning reflective reading detecting bias reading for pleasure Method looking for the main topics looking for specific information reading carefully and thoughtfully, with attention to detail separating fact from opinion reading at own pace Purpose to gain an overall impression to find particular facts or conclusions to obtain a thorough understanding of a topic to form a decided impression of a controversial area to gain a feel for a subject, and for enjoyment Table 1 Different methods of reading and their purpose. This book, and the accompanying materials, are aimed specifically at students taking the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry course. This is a course and qualification with a very high international reputation. 2  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills INFO There is an excellent website for Cambridge IGCSE students, at: www. cambridgestudents. org. uk/subjectpages/chemistry/igcsechemistry Do take a good look at this website. You will ? nd copies of past papers, model answers to past questions, some simulations, and revision checklists based on the syllabus. The tips from examiners are there to help you do well in the exam and are certainly worth taking note of. The website is worth visiting regularly, as new material and up-to-date papers are added to it. Getting started We have said it earlier, and it can be boring to repeat it, but it remains true all the same: to make sure of a high grade in your final examinations you will need to work hard throughout your course. Here are some tips to help you make the best use of the time you put in on your work in chemistry. Make sure you have a copy of the IGCSE Chemistry syllabus. There is one provided on this CD which also gives you guidance as to where in the book the different topics are covered. It is important you know the course you are taking and the way in which you will be assessed. IGCSE exams aren’t just about learning facts. You need to be able to understand your work and become sufficiently confident in your understanding to answer questions about things you have never met before. You need to be able to transfer your knowledge in a particular area to an example that will be unfamiliar to you. The IGCSE examiners will be setting questions to test three sets of skills (they are known as Assessment Objectives). These are: †¢ Skill A: knowledge with understanding †¢ Skill B: handling information and solving problems †¢ Skill C: experimental skills and investigations. About 50% of all the marks in the exam are for skill A, 30% for skill B and 20% for skill C. Skill A is about learning and understanding all the facts and concepts in the syllabus. These are covered in your textbook, and your teacher will make sure you have met them all in class as your course progresses. There are no crafty shortcuts, it is simply a case of getting your head down and working at these. You read "Organization of Study Time" in category "Papers" Skill B is about using these facts and concepts and applying them to an unfamiliar context. It’s important that you become confident in tackling questions that, at first sight, look completely new. The workbook will give you lots of practice at this. Trying past question papers will also help to test this skill, but there will still be unusual material that you will meet for the first time in the exam. The following ‘model exam question’ is similar to the type of question found on an extended paper and will give you some idea of what to expect. Cathodic protection of steel objects is not mentioned in the syllabus whereas sacrificial protection is. Yet here you are asked to compare the two using your knowledge and understanding of electrolysis. Skill C is about practical skills. You should have plenty of opportunity to do experiments in a laboratory throughout your course. The workbook also has exercises that will help you to improve your skills at handling and interpreting data obtained from experiments, and designing experiments. But make sure you gain the most you can from your practical sessions. Chapter 12 gives you clear guidance about what is involved in the assessment of your practical work.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 3 Model Q Questions For relevant material, see Chapter 9. Titanium is very resistant to corrosion. One of its uses is as an electrode in the cathodic protection of large steel structures from rusting. + power – steel oil rig which is cathode titanium anode seawater contains H+(aq), OH–(aq), Na+(aq), Cl –(aq) a Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer. Oxidation is the loss of electrons Reduction is the gain of electrons HINT: Remember OIL RIG – to help remember ‘oxidation is loss; reduction is gain’ [2] b The steel oil rig is the negative electrode (cathode) in this protective electrolytic arrangement. Name the gas formed at this electrode. Hydrogen HINT: Discharge of H+ ions from the seawater. [1] c Name one of the two possible gases formed at the titanium anode. Oxygen (or chlorine) HINT: Discharge of OH? ions or Cl? from the seawater. [1] d Explain why the oil rig does not rust. T oil rig legs are the cathode in the cell that is set up (see diagram)he and oxidation does not take place at the cathode (electrons are moving towards the cathode, not away from it). HINT: See Chapter 4 – oxidation takes place at the anode in electrolysis; reduction takes place at the cathode. Do not confuse this with sacri? cial protection. [2] e Another way of protecting steel from corrosion that involves using another metal is sacrificial protection. Give two differences between sacrificial protection and cathodic protection. Cathodic protection involves electrolysis and needs electricity; it uses an inert electrode (here made of titanium). Sacrificial protection needs a more reactive metal; this metal corrodes instead of the steel. Sacrificial protection does not need electricity. f What is the name of the method of rust protection that uses zinc? Galvanisation [2] [1] 4  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills Keeping up progress During the course you will be given work to do. Try to work steadily through all the necessary material throughout your course. It is really important that you keep up with this. Don’t set out to make life difficult for yourself. Do make sure that you understand each piece of work you do. Research shows that we find it much easier to learn and remember things if we understand them. If there is something you don’t understand, make sure you do everything you can to put this right straight away. Quite often working through a topic with a friend will help. Use your school library or the internet. Be careful of the internet, though, as many chemistry sites are written for other courses in different countries. These can use different approaches and it is difficult to apply the explanations you see. Ask your teacher for a (short) list of reliable sites you can go to regularly. Strategies of study Your study sessions should use a variety of techniques to aid your understanding and learning of the material. Simply reading over your notes is not a particularly productive strategy. Try to summarise topics as you read, then shorten the summary down to a set of key words. Having learnt these, try to reconstruct notes on the topic. Your learning and understanding can also be checked and developed by answering questions from past examination papers. Keep the length of time taken to answer questions in mind when testing yourself. There is no point in preparing over-elaborate answers to short questions. An important aspect of understanding a topic is to ‘see the connections’ between the ideas involved. Establishing these links makes it so much easier to remember the details of a topic. Pictorial methods of linking ideas can be very useful for this. INFO The methods available include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ?ow charts concept maps Venn diagrams mind maps. The importance of all these methods is that they force us to sort out the material into key ideas, and then to establish the links between them. It is useful to draw up the diagrams for yourself. Remember that your ‘maps’ may well differ from other people’s. Comparing notes with others, or even drawing them up together as a group, can also be very useful. Sharing ideas and comparing maps helps you to think things through. As you use these methods, you will develop greater skill in drawing them up. Flow charts are linear in their approach and work down from a major idea by a series of subdivisions. They are useful for emphasising the different types of chemical substance, for example (see examples of charts in Chapters 2 and 3 in the textbook). Concept maps and mind maps are particularly useful for helping you to see the flow of ideas. In a concept map (Figure 2), the interlinking idea is written alongside the connecting arrow.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 5 a combustion neutralisation precipitation synthesis redox are types of a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction can be written down as a word or symbol equation word n tio equa sym bo equa l tion example: zinc + oxygen zinc oxide 2Zn + O2 2ZnO these are elements this is a compound this means this means 2 atoms of zinc 1 molecule of oxygen is the process that positive ions undergo at the cathode during is the gain of ELECTROLYSIS transferred during ELECTRONS is the loss of is the opposite process to is the process that negative ions undergo at the anode during process used to extract metals in the BLAST FURNACE REDUCTION REDOX OXIDATION is a special form of is the opposite process to is the removal of is the addition of COMB USTION OXYGEN element removed from metal ores by carbon in Figure 2 a Spider diagrams, and b concept maps involve organising ideas and their connections. reactions in which substances react with Venn diagrams are useful for showing where different categories overlap. For example, the different ways in which we categorise reactions can result in overlaps. Figure 3 shows this. It also shows how the term ‘redox reaction’ covers a wide range of reactions. 6  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills NEUTRALISATION acid + base/alkali salt + water ONLY PRECIPITATION forming an insoluble solid by a chemical reaction sodium thiosulfate + hydrochloric acid REDOX Synthesis Decomposition to elements Electrolysis Displacement Figure 3 A Venn diagram showing various types of reaction. Can you think of examples to ? ll each space? (One has been done for you. ) Figure 4 shows a mind map covering aspects of the nature of atoms and molecules. This particular map covers a wide range of ideas – radiating from the central idea that matter is made up of very small particles (atoms or molecules, depending on the substance being talked about). The interconnections of ideas are emphasised. Putting the map on paper helps you to sort out your ideas! There are obviously overlaps between different topics. There are various pieces of mind-mapping software available (one was sed to construct Figure 4) and you can find these on the internet. However, it is important not to get over-involved in the processes of a particular IT package. In many ways the important thing about ‘mind-mapping’ is that it can be practised quite casually, and frequently, simply on a piece of ‘rough’ paper. Sketching different ‘mind maps’ on different topics is a way of looking at the subject from different angles to aid the memory. The main point is the thinking that is done while constructing the ‘map’.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 7 escribes the states of matter and the movement of particles in these states the particles in matter are moving all the time ion init de f different substances contain different types of particles, e. g. atoms, ions or molecules Kinetic theory all matter is made up of very small particles the higher the temperature, the higher the average energy of the particles Diffusion does not take place in solids heavier particles move more slowly than lighter particles at the same temperature much slower in liquids than gases often energy given out various types, e. g. synthesis and decomposition usually not easily reversible ATOMS AND MOLECULES new chemical substances formed Chemical reactions e. g. melting or dissolving Physical changes Dalton’s idea easily reversible, e. g. by cooling or evaporating no new chemical substances made Atomic theory atoms of different elements can combine to make the molecules of a compound a pure element contains only atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus atoms of an element are each given their own symbol atoms are the smallest particles that take part in a chemical reaction the atoms of the different elements differ in size Figure 4 A mind map on ‘atoms and molecules’.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills (isotopes) (nucleus) (nuclear reactions) (balanced equations) physical properties depend on how the atoms are linked together (atoms can be subdivided) everything is made from about 100 elements, each made up of different atoms everything is made of invisibly small atoms, linked together in differen t patterns everything can be made from a few substances combined in different ways structures weigh the same as the total mass of their parts the total amount of matter stays the same (by mass) during chemical changes mount of matter stays the same (by atom count) during chemical changes chemical combinations of substances have different properties visible objects may be made of large numbers of very small invisible particles substances have physical properties magnifiers and microscopes often show that objects are made of smaller parts small parts can be put together in different ways to make different things water evaporates into the air all materials come from somewhere and must go somewhere PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES COMMON ELEMENTS ATOMS ARE INVISIBLY SMALL CONSERVATION OF MATTER KEY Scientific ideas More general notions Storylines Figure 5 The different ‘storylines’ behind the maps branch into each other. Figure 5 shows how several ‘storylines’ can be linked together. This type of diagram can help you see the overall pattern of a section of the course you are taking and begin to see the ‘connections’ between ideas. The more connections, or associations, you can make between ideas, the more likely you are to understand and remember them. When a particular part of a course, or a particular topic, is finished it can be useful to produce a diagrammatic summary. This helps reinforce the linked ideas while they are still fresh in your mind. The charts can provide a useful ‘checklist’ when it comes to revision. The next three charts (Figure 6a,b,c) show how parts of a course can be summarised. Figure 6a summarises a great deal of the material covered in Chapters 2 and 3, and Figures 6b and 6c flow into each other and show how much of chemistry develops from a consideration of the Earth’s resources. This ‘map’ of chemistry provides a context for your studies.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 9 a SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES CHEMISTRY SECTION ONE PARTICLES ATOMS MOLECULES IONS ATOMIC STRUCTURE proton number Z – mass number A PROTONS ELECTRONS ORBITS (2,8,8) PROTONS +NEUTRONS NEUTRONS = A–Z p + 1 n o 1 e – EQUATIONS and CALCULATIONS Balancing Mr from Ar + % Quantities from equations Solids and gases Formulae from % Data Book FORMULAE 1 1840 CHEMICAL BONDS FORMING IONS Metals lose electrons Non-metals gain electrons GROUP 1 THE ALKALI METALS Reaction with Water Storage Variation down group Density m. p. IONIC COVALENT SHARING ELECTRONS GROUP 7 THE HALOGENS Reaction with iron Displacement Colour Variation down group m. . TRANSITION METALS Coloured compounds Catalysts High m. p. s NOBLE GASES No reactions Coloured lights METALS NON-METALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Malleable Conductors Strong High m. p. Shiny Alloys BURNING IN AIR and OXYGEN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Brittle Poor conductors Low m. p. Dull REACTIVITY OF METALS BASIC OXIDES ACIDIC OXIDES Figure 6 a, b, c Flow charts can show very clear ly the links between different areas of chemistry and help provide an overall pattern to a course. 10  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills b CHEMISTRY SECTION TWO ALKALIS Basic Oxides + Water CHEMICAL REACTIONS ACIDS Acidic Oxides + Water REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS AIR NEUTRALISATION H + +OH – H2O BONDS BREAK and FORM WATER ACID POTASSIUM SODIUM 14 pH WEAK WEAK STRONG pH STRONG NEW SUBSTANCES 8 6 1 Rapid Rapid BANG! ENERGY CHANGE CALCIUM  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry MAGNESIUM Quite Quick Rapid WATER pH7 SALT ALUMINIUM ZINC SULFATE Sulfuric Acid CHLORIDE Hydrochloric Acid NITRATE Nitric Acid Slow React with Steam Slow IRON ENDOTHERMIC Energy used and taken in EXOTHERMIC Energy produced and given out COPPER No Very Slow REVERSIBLE REACTIONS Can go both ways SILVER No GOLD No N2 + 3H2 2NH3 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS RATE(Speed) OF REACTION Reactions happen when particles collide. BUT they must collide hard enough. More collisions or harder collisions = Faster reaction. More reactive metals displace Less reactive metals from their compounds. BIG DIFFERENCE = FAST REACTION TEMPERATURE ALL REACTIONS Higher Temp Faster Particles Harder Collisions Faster Reaction Faster Reaction More Collisions More Particles More Conc REACTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS REACTIONS WITH SOLIDS Small Pieces More Surface More Collisions Faster Reaction CONCENTRATION SURFACE AREA CATALYST SOME REACTIONS Catalyst not used up. Less energy needed More collisions succeed Study and revision skills ENZYMES Special Biological Catalysts in Living things. 11 c 12 BAUXITE ROCK Crust HEMATITE REDUCTION MALACHITE BLAST FURNACE ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN OXIDE ALUMINIUM IRON LIME O2 STEEL CHEMISTRY SECTION THREE THE EARTH RAW MATERIALS N2 AIR O2 CO2 WATER H2O Photosynthesis Breathing IGNEOUS LIMESTONE HE AT  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry S U N SEDIMENTARY BLAST FURNACE + PURIFICATION BY ELECTROLYSIS Decay ering Erosion eat W sport Deposi an nta tio Tr Ceme tion n PLANTS Cooling Heat Pressure COPPER ANIMALS Death MAGMA METAMORPHIC M elti n g HALITE RockSalt NITRIC ACID LIME CEMENT GLASS SLAKED LIME CO2 O2 FOSSIL FUELS NITRATES IN SOIL NATURAL GAS AMMONIUM NITRATE N2 ELECTROLYSIS OF SOLUTION HABER PROCESS AMMONIA NITRIC ACID FERTILISER COAL PETROLEUM COKE HYDROGEN Fuel CHLORINE Water Treatment SODIUM HYDROXIDE Soap. BLEACH FUEL +or ELECTRICITY FRACTIONAL DISTIL LATION ALKENES GAS PETROL NAPHTHA KEROSINE DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL FUEL OIL BITUMEN CRACKING PLASTICS Study and revision skills The glossary – words are important Chemistry can be said to have a language of its own. As for the other sciences, there are special terms that need to be understood and remembered – an ‘atom’ is not the same thing as an ‘ion’ or a ‘molecule’. There are also some words that have a different slant on their meaning in chemistry. For example, saying that ethanol is ‘volatile’ does not mean that it is about to ‘freak out’, simply that it evaporates easily. Throughout the textbook, you will find words that have been highlighted in red bold type. It would be useful to make a note of these and make sure that you are clear about their meaning. A glossary of these important chemical terms is also provided at the end of the book. The same glossary is also provided on this CD. If your first language is not English – and possibly even if it is – it would be useful to keep your own ‘chemical vocabulary’ book to help you to learn and understand the terms used in this subject. This should help you to understand questions clearly and not get tied up in confusing ‘waffle’ in your answers.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 13 How to cite Organization of Study Time, Papers

Rudyard Kipling free essay sample

He was a gifted writer and a huge celebrity, and has provided us with countless writings that will continue to be enjoyed by future generations. There are two perspectives when it comes to Kipling’s canonization; those that believe based solely on his writing abilities think he should be canonized, and those who saw him as an only an outspoken political figure do not. The questions surrounding his use of a swastika show him to be a possible Nazi sympathizer and curve his support of canonization. The purpose of this research paper is to provide the insight and the facts to support the stature of his writing abilities, and to prove that on the merit of his writing alone, he is a true literary canon. Despite his political incorrectness, he should be considered a talented and remarkable author based solely on his literary creativity. Kipling was born in December of 1965 in Bombay, British India; which is now known as Mumbai, India. We will write a custom essay sample on Rudyard Kipling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was an English poet, short story writer and novelist (Wikipedia). He was born to Lockwood and Alice Kipling, who were both highly respected people in their time. Kipling was in love with India and the people that inhabited it. Some of Kipling’s earliest and fondest memories are of him and his sister Alice’s trips to the bustling fruit market with their nanny, or her telling them Indian nursery rhymes and stories before their nap in the tropical afternoon heat. (Merriman) When he was six years old, he was torn from India and sent to a boarding house in England, where he experienced brutal and harsh treatment from his foster mother. He was regularly beaten by her and her son. This is where he began to develop his ability of imagining characters. He used this as a way to distance himself from the desolation that he endured. (BiographyChannel) He would spend his time hiding from his foster mother to read books and escape into their stories. Once she discovered he was sneaking away to read, she scolded him and confiscated all of the books his parents had sent him. He then began to imagine his own characters and stories while bouncing a ball against the wall so she would think he was simply playing. After spending 5 years at the boarding home, his mother received news that he was becoming mentally ill and returned for him so he could attend the United Services College, where he became the editor of the school paper. (Merriman) Kiplings closest friend at Westward Ho! , George Beresford, described him as a short, but cheery, capering, podgy, little fellow with a thick pair of spectacles over a broad smile. His eyes were brilliant blue, and over them his heavy black eyebrows moved up and down as he talked. (Advameg) His parents eventually sent him back to India where his father got him a job as a journalist. He began frequenting opium dens and brothels, which flooded his mind with material to write his earliest works. He began writing about drug addicts and sex. He essentially had began his career as a roving reporter, traveling to various parts of India and the United States. He wrote dozens of essays and short stories, the most notable of them being Barrack-Room Ballads, which made his writings quite popular with servicemen at the time. (Merriman) In 1889 Kipling took a long voyage through China, Japan, and the United States. When he reached London, he found that his stories had preceded him and established him as a brilliant new author. He was readily accepted into the circle of leading writers. (Advameg) After moving back to England, he began writing about a new subject, the British soldier. He soon moved to the United States and married Caroline Balestier, the sister of his publisher. They settled on the Balestier estate near Brattleboro, Vermont, in the United States, and began four of the happiest years of Kiplings life. During this time he wrote some of his best work. (Advameg) They soon had his first child, Josephine, who inspired him to write some of his most renowned children’s literature. The Jungle Book and â€Å"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi† were by far his most popular works and are still read by children today. The Jungle Book, published in 1892, was eventually made into a movie in 1942, and animated by Disney in the 1960’s (Liukkonen). It is still quite a popular story among children today. The fascination of talking animals and a lost boy’s adventures still exists today. By the time he was 32, he was the highest paid novelist in the world. Some people relate Kipling with the swastika. Kipling occasionally used the defamed symbol on the bindings and covers of his books. These people view this as Kipling being a Nazi sympathizer. This does not seem to be the case. The pre-Nazi Swastika was a Hindu symbol of good luck, which he learned through his father’s knowledge of Indian art, but the suspicion still remains to this day. (Walker) While in the United States, Josephine and Kipling both contracted pneumonia. Caroline was unable to watch after them both and was forced to care for only one of them. She chose to take Josephine to a nearby neighbor’s house to be nursed back to health, but Josephine was unable to survive the pneumonia. BiographyChannel) After the death of Josephine, he returned to England for the rest of his days. This was a drastic turning point within his life. He no longer wished to live where his daughter had taken her last breath. Her death was a dreadful devastation to him. Kiplings later stories treat more complex, subtle, and somber subjects. They reflect Kiplings darkened worldview following the death of his daughte r, Josephine, in 1899, and the death of his son, John, in 1915. Consequently, these stories have never been as popular as his earlier works. But modern critics, in reevaluating Kipling, have found a greater power and depth that make them among his best work. (Advameg) Rudyard Kipling died of a hemorrhage on 18 January 1936 in London, and his ashes are interred in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey, London, England near to T. S. Eliot. Today his study and the gardens at ‘The Elm’ are preserved by the Rottingdean Preservation Society, and Bateman’s is held by the National Trust. (Merriman) There have been societies and other notable devotions made in honor of Kipling due to his overwhelming popularity as a legendary writer. Kipling could be claimed the most popular writer in England in his time, and was consistently honored for his works. He had declined most of the awards which that were offered to him, including a knighthood, the Poet Laureateship, and the Order of Merit, but in 1907 he had accepted the Nobel Prize for Literature (Walker). Kipling was the recipient of many honorary degrees and other awards. In 1926 he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Literature, which only Scott, Meredith, and Hardy had been awarded before him. Foundation) He was considered a major â€Å"innovator in the art of the short story† and is a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was also the first English-language writer to be awarded the prize, and to this date he remains to be the youngest recipient (Wikipedia). Kipling will forever be one of the great historical writers that have entertained us all.