Clean Well Lighted Place Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Clean Well Lighted Place Essay, Research Paper A Clean, Well Lighted Place is an account of obvious radiations and shadows, of the concurrence of # 8221 ; being # 8221 ; and # 8221 ; nothingness # 8221 ; . An old grown-up male sits outside the café, on the yard, where all the plain arraies are unfilled with the exception of so one he sits at. He stows away himself in the shadow # 8211 ; the ideal covering up place, a fort for a person who needs to remain unseeable and unnoticed to the individuals he watches. They # 8211 ; the watched 1s # 8211 ; do non even experience his quality, so close and touchable, in spite of the fact that there are some who thoroughly understand him. ? The undisturbed and untroubled harmony of dim is his # 8221 ; head cut # 8221 ; . He feels the distinction so. To a hard of hearing person quietness of the dull brings mitigation and comfort after the twenty-four hours brimming with # 8221 ; clamor # 8221 ; . That lightening he experiences in the shadow, under the tree, the foliage of which shields him from the electric noticeable radiation, in spite of the fact that he is one of these strange individuals who feel the solid interest of obvious radiation in obscurity. We will compose a custom paper test on Clean Well Lighted Place Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ? The hostility and unfriendliness of one of the servers towards the old grown-up male and, on the different manus, the mercy and comprehension of the other is the picture how shadow and obvious radiation pervade one another, in spite of the fact that they stand apart for completely inverse values. The more youthful of these two has a hitched lady sitting tight in bed for him, and is non truly ready to stay in the café through the entire dull, holding up until the last singular pays the measure and goes place. That is the reason he is so disturbed with the old grown-up male, who # 8211 ; being as of now soak up # 8211 ; requests one more and again drink. The hr is the thing that undertakings to him. He needs to travel place, to disguise in the shadow and to happen a type of tranquility of head. Thusly he appears to look like the old grown-up male the two of them evade obvious radiation, for them two the shadow has got more to make with their lives than obvious radiation. ? The more seasoned server has all the earmarks of being the 1 who expect a more inviting demeanor towards those individuals who stay delinquently at the café. His profound solid conviction that there are some who need a noticeable radiation for the dim is solid to the point that it does non let him to quiet down early bounty in light of the fact that there might be somebody who needs the bistro every dim. What's more, the way that there are bodegas ( basements ) open every dull doe non follow up on his way of thought. This will be this café that is so alluring to individuals for it is perfect and charming. What's more, # 8211 ; what is likely more of import # 8211 ; it is acceptable lit. All such a bistro request is light. Be that as it may, he other than references shadows of the foliages # 8211 ; the structures made by light # 8211 ; by which he conceivably implies the topographic point covered up in the shadow, a safe house for each one of the individuals who request noticeable radiation in obscurity however watch it being secured by shadow. ? Light is being while shadow is nothingness . The individuals who needs noticeable radiation are alive 1s. Those populating in the shadow lock themselves in void , their departure from the world. An old grown-up male is a blend of both. On one manus he remains alive delinquently at dim sitting in the topographic point brimming with light yet on the other he separates himself in void since he inclines toward sitting in the shadow, covered up, secured furthermore, hypothetically missing. ? For the more seasoned server the ground for remaining delinquently at the café and the way that he does non experience like dozing, however it is about morning, is each piece basic as unwellness. At the terminal of the account he says to himself : # 8220 ; After all ( # 8230 ; ) it is likely simply a sleeping disorder. Many must hold it . The choice that as an issue of certainty the entire story is about nil yet suffering from the unconventional sickness.

47 of the Best Training Resources to Hone Your Marketing Skills

47 of the Best Training Resources to Hone Your Marketing Skills Showcasing groups are continually occupied. There’s scarcely sufficient opportunity to jump on your undertakings, considerably less remove two or three hours from the day to do some advertising preparing. In any case, here’s a thought†¦ Imagine a scenario where the preparation helped your group be increasingly proficient at their employments. In this way sparing time over the long haul. Not certain where to go to locate the correct preparing open doors for your advertising group? No pressure. This post contains a far reaching rundown of the best free and paid showcasing courses to enable your group to sharpen their promoting abilities. Look at this amazing rundown of the best free and paid showcasing preparing resources.Help Your Team Develop Agile Marketing Skills Before we plunge into all the showcasing preparing openings, let’s talk about a genuinely necessary promoting skill†¦ Undertaking the executives. You know the inclination †The one where you’re suffocating in work, pursuing interminable announcements and scarcely keeping an idea about all the things your group is taking a shot at. We’ve all been there. ðÿ˜ ¬ It doesn’t must be like this. Look at how actualizing an Agile way to deal with your showcasing can change your (work) life. Chapter by chapter list Content Marketing Website optimization Programming Examination Web based life PPC Why Training is Important for Marketing Teams There is apparently no office at an association that ought to organize preparing more than the showcasing division. Listen to me on this one†¦ Would you be able to consider anything inside an association that moves quicker than advertising? Advertisers are under obligation to changing web based life rules†¦ Web crawler calculation updates†¦ Email security regulations†¦ The rundown goes on. Advertisers need consistantâ training to remain up to date. Advertisers are likewise regularly expected to wear different caps. How often have you needed to make a fast realistic for online networking †despite the fact that you’re not a visual architect? OR†¦ How often have you needed to bounce into Google Analytics to check the wellbeing of your substance showcasing endeavors, in spite of your constrained investigation information? Many I wager. These are incredible instances of why advertisers can (and should) take a course or two to catch up on abilities outside of their mastery. Authoritative Benefits of Training and Development Expanding worker inspiration and diminishing turnover is something each organization takes a stab at. Turns out, a straightforward method to do this is to offer your representatives an incredible preparing and advancement program. Here are on the whole the insights about the hierarchical advantages of preparing and improvement: Organizations have aâ 218%â higher pay per worker than those without formalized preparing. There’s a 24%â higher overall revenue for organizations that organize preparing than the individuals who don’t. 40%â of representatives who don’t get preparing will leave their situations inside the main year. 87%â of Millennials state that proficient improvement is critical to them. 70%â of people say preparing and advancement openings impact their choice to remain at an organization.

Too Much Funding Can Kill Your Business

Too Much Funding Can Kill Your Business Funding is essential for a business to carry out daily operations. The choice of how to attain funding is a decision made by the business owners and there are multiple options available. The decision to seek a certain type of funding is not governed only by the owner’s discretion; there are external factors that affect a business’ funding choice. Examples of such factors include the solvency of the founders, the amount of money that is needed to run the business and the financing required to maintain the business.The choices available to business owners for funding are diverse and characteristically different. This means that some forms of funding are preferred in certain situations than others. Bank loans are a popular choice for small businesses and opening a line of credit or corporate credit cards have also been popular choices. If a person wants to keep the business out of external risk, they can dip into their savings, take out a loan from a 401k or get in investment from f amily and friends. © Shutterstock.com | MelpomeneIn this article we will review the 1) importance of funding for a business, 2) the dangers of too much funding, 3) financial leverage, and 4) concerns related to financial leverage.IMPORTANCE OF FUNDING FOR A BUSINESSSeed moneyBefore a company can get started, it needs seed money. This covers the most basic startup expenses. Seed money triggers the initial push a company needs to enter into the market. Typically seed money is used to buy materials that get the business into ignition. This includes office supplies, other office equipment, setting up a business website, business cards, etc.Cash FlowThe next reason for funding is the cash flow a business needs. When a business starts to operate the profit and revenue is generally low and cannot cover much of the regular expenses. The business owner themselves need to get a salary for personal expenditure and if they have employees, their wages or salaries need to be paid on time as well. Apart from the peo ple, the business operating site require rent, utilities, insurance and a list of other regular expenses that need to be taken care of.ExpansionYour business is now doing well, it has taken off and the demand for your products or services has increased. Expansion is the next step and with it come new expenses. If your company has outgrown its current operating offices and you require a bigger space, that means more rent. Increased demand for your product creates the need to increase manufacturing, hire new employees and therefore an increase in funding. Thus to expand your business you need funds, the amount of which depends on the extent and type of expansion.RepairsWhen running a business you cannot expect everything to run smoothly. Natural disasters can occur and completely uproot a business, and even though there is insurance that provides cover for such incidents during repair times, there are expenses that need attention. Coming to less disastrous outcomes, there might be equ ipment that needs to be fixed; some of the outdated machines might need to be upgraded. And for such tasks, external funding options can come in handy.DANGERS OF GETTING TOO MUCH FUNDINGThe decisions that people make in the starting stages of their business regarding funding leave a lasting impact. The decisions made in the initial stages of business have an impact on how the company will mature and grow. So, decisions regarding funding need to be made in an informed manner.Below we discuss some of the dangers of too much funding.Raising Too High of a ValuationAlthough taking on greater funding might seem like a good idea, it does have its downside. Gathering high valuations initially can lead to expectations that maybe out of the reach of a company that has only just begun operations. Companies that are new market entrants might not have the market knowledge to achieve targets that come coupled with high value funding.There is also the need to manage company expectations; during th e seed period companies do not have substantial evidence to support the ability to deliver high targets, thus creating concerns of the business being overvalued. A better idea for a seed-stage business would be to begin with small amounts and achievable targets; this will create a solid base to attract better quality investors who can nudge the company in the right direction.Not Being Selective About Who You Want Investing In Your BusinessBusiness owners need to scan and filter the potential investors they have attracted so that they can maintain a small and efficient investor base. The idea behind being selective of investors stems from the notion that a large number of investors can be difficult to manage. It is better to have a small number of investors fill a financial quota than several. Let’s say a small business has sixty investors (a large number for a small business) this means that when making decisions the business proprietor will need to take into account sixty opinion s and sixty expectations.Regarding this point institutional investors are a great choice; they generally invest for a long time and can be very helpful. On the downside institutional investors can be high maintenance. The second choice of private and small investors leads to more agile investors but handling them can be time consuming.Choosing the Wrong Angel RouteAs a follow up to the previous point, there is also the need for entrepreneurs to scan and filter investors for quality. The number of investors should be small and well informed; this cuts back the time it takes to explain to investors menial things. If you have a large investor base then you should establish a one person proxy for a group of investors.When you are scanning and filtering investors for quality choose those who have had experience investing in your respective industry. They can provide helpful information and explain some of the workings of the industry to new industry entrants. FINANCIAL LEVERAGEFinancial leverage refers to borrowing of funds in order to expand business, increase production, increase sales and earnings. Its figure value is calculated by dividing the total debt of a company by the total assets of the company. The larger the figure, the greater is the financial leverage.A widely recognized measure, financial leverage is used in numerous business analyses. Helpful in the case of both institutional investors and small private investors, it helps in determining whether a business can help in achieving the objectives or not.Managing a business’ financial leverage is an important decision. The decision is never black or white, increasing your financial leverage can be good under certain conditions; for example during times of economic boom it is generally beneficial for businesses to borrow funds to attempt to increase revenue. But during recessions high leverage can cause serious cash flow problems for businesses.The question regarding financial leverage is not only abou t borrowing funds, but also how much to borrow. On the plus side, given favorable conditions, borrowing more funds and increasing your financial leverage helps the company grow and can also help in increasing revenue so taking on greater leverage under favorable conditions seems like the right choice. In contrast borrowing more funds leaves your business with higher interest expenses and the potential for greater loss, since higher interest costs increase a business’ breakeven point. A large amount of leverage also means greater debt; this can cause a person to lose control of their business as covering the debt becomes a primary objective of business operations thus restricting the business. CONCERNS RELATED TO FINANCIAL LEVERAGEOccasionally described as a double edged sword, financial leverage is important in business management. Helpful when employed correctly, financial leverage has the potential to be highly beneficial to a business. It can also be damaging to a business, tak ing on more debt can ruin a business’ image in the market not only for investors but also for financing institutions as a falling credit rating will only be harmful to the business. Greater fixed costs due to interest expenses also have the potential to reduce profits.Taking on financial leverage has certain side effects on a business that can affect it minutely or significantly. It is the process of employing the gathered funds that is determinant of business prosperity or decline. There are external factors out of the control of business owners that play a part in how effective the gathered funds are.Below we expand on some of the concerns related to financial leverage.Interest ExpenseInterest expense is a tax deductible expense; this characteristic is a motive for businesses to borrow as borrowing now becomes a cheaper source of financing. But the cheaper source of financing requires the return of the principle amount plus interest. So when a business takes on too much debt the interest expense increases accordingly, this puts a drain on the business profits as more and more of the revenue is spent to cover the interest expenses.Taking on large amounts of borrowed finance may also make creditors suspicious about a business’ ability to repay the debt. This will make future financing difficult and may lead to the business’ credit rating to fall. The higher interest expense also drains cash and liquidity, leaving the business at risk of bankruptcy should cash fall short.Equity InvestorsWhen a company takes on leverage to better its performance, there are cases where the debt has negative side-effects. Successfully employed financial debt can help in expanding the business and increasing revenue which in turn increases a company’s EPS. The higher EPS is beneficial not only for the company but also for potential investors.But when businesses take on too much debt the increasing interest expenses and default risk act as a disincentive for investors. The h igh default risk causes potential investors to look at the business as a potential failure and also causes existing investors to take out their investments from the business. The decreased demand for company shares coupled with existing investments being drawn out lead to the decline of the company stock. And because too much leverage leads to difficulties in selling equity, the company has to take on more debt to finance itself. This extends into a circle of taking on more debt that eventually ends in bankruptcy.Magnifies LossesEven though the purpose of taking on financial leverage is to magnify profits, it can also result in the magnification of losses that a business might incur. It is under favorable conditions that a business can magnify its profits and pay off the debt it has taken on. But in the case of a business not going smoothly the losses that might occur are also magnified. This is the case because when a business has taken on more debt it has increased its interest pa yments. So if the business is not earning enough revenue and cannot cover its fixed costs, the higher interest expense only increase the losses that the business in incurring.Explaining this concept using examples, we assume that a business has borrowed immensely to fund new capital it plans to use in production. As it starts the increased production the demand for their product decreases in the market, this leads the excess product as well as some of the previously produced product to become surplus. Now with higher fixed costs due to taking on greater debt the loss for the company is magnified.Higher Break-even PointThe concept behind a business earning profits is earning enough revenue to cover all its costs and still have some money left over. The costs consist of fixed costs, the costs that have to be primarily filled and variable costs, whose values can be altered. When a business takes on financial leverage and borrows funds to help it grow, the interest payments become a par t of the fixed costs. This means that before other tasks the objective of the revenue generated is to fulfill the interest payments.Now as a business takes on more and more debt the fixed costs keep on increasing due to the addition of new interest expenses. This demands that the business generate more revenue if it is to maintain its level of profit. The demand for greater revenue to earn profit is the higher break-even point for the business.In conclusion more debt leads to higher interest expenses (higher fixed costs) which require greater revenue to be fulfilled thus a greater break-even point for the business.

Racism Black Or White - 949 Words

Black or White? Caucasian, African American, Indian, Asian, Native Hawaiian: together all of these races make up the different racial groups in America. Racism is the belief that race is the reason for human traits and that racial differences cause a race to be inferior or superior to other races. Racism affects how Americans live and work together in America. Recitatif by Toni Morrison published in 1983, fifteen years after the Civil Rights Movement, is an example of fictional writing that addresses the topic of racism that occurred in America. Morrison’s use of main characters with unrealved races in the context of the era of the civil rights movement allows readers to clearly understand her critique on racism: the color of a person’s skin does not matter. Throughout Recitatif Morrison never reveals Twyla s or Roberta’s race to the reader. However, what race they are can be debated, based on information Morrison gives in the story. For example, Roberta smells funny, can’t read, and has big hair. For a reader to come to a conclusion on what race they think Roberta was by those three attributes of her would mean the reader would be relying on stereotypes to help them come to their conclusion. The fact that Morrison never reveals to the reader Twyla’s or Roberta’s race indicates that either Caucasian or African American people are cable of acting or even looking the way Twyla and Roberta did. Morrison wants people to let go of any racial prejudice or stereotypes that theyShow MoreRelatedBlack And White Racism : Racism1189 Words   |  5 PagesName: Course: Tutor: Date: Black and White Racism Introduction For a long time, racism has occurred as a controversial and hotly debated topic in the American society. Racism has infiltrated the way individuals behave, think, and act in different capacities. It is a grievous insult in referring somebody to as a ‘racist’. Black Americans have accused whites, the nation’s ethnic majority for racism, whereas whites have also accused blacks of racism. Widespread uncertainty, disagreement, and confusionRead MoreRacial Racism : Black And White Americans1484 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many layers to American racism. I will break it down to 3 layers and explain the consequences these types of racism have. The first lay is historical racism. Historical racism is what most stereotypes what racism is suppose to be. In this category you would think of things such as lynching, the enslaved people working the fields, use of the word nigger, segregation and Jim Crow laws but that isn’t even the start of it. 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The means by which whites have defended their dominant position, however, has changed dramatically over time (Bobo, Kluegel Smith 1997). Overt racism based on â€Å"scientific† classification of blacks as inherently inferior to whites has c eded to covert forms of racism in contemporary America; asRead MoreRacism By Bob Blauner s Article, Blacks And Whites Often Talk Past One Another908 Words   |  4 PagesIn Bob Blauner’s article he quotes, â€Å"Blacks and whites often talk past one another† (Blauner 57). This statement speaks the truth when discussing how the two races view racism. Whites tend to view racism in a narrow perspective, which involves the idea that racism is interpersonal and that it involves discrimination and prejudice. Blacks view racism in a wider perspective, which involves racism as impersonal, unintentional and apart of the institutions in society. 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Color blind racism is believed to have lead to the segregation of the white race from other minorities called white habitus. Color blind racism and white habitus has affected many people, whom donâ€⠄¢t even realize that they are, have been or will be affected. Color blind racism is an â€Å"ideology,Read MoreRacism Is Not A Thing That You Are Born With Racism1246 Words   |  5 Pagesworld many colours â€Å"Racism is taught in our society; it is not automatic. It is learned behaviour toward persons with dissimilar physical characteristics.† (Alex Haley) Racism is not a thing that you are born with, racism is something which is learnt through the language of the society around you. Harper Lee in her book To Kill a Mockingbird explores with the irrationality of adult attitudes to race and class in the Deep South of the 1930s. In this novel it is seen that racism is taught it is notRead MoreThe Hard Times of Blacks in the South in the 1940s624 Words   |  3 PagesThe Hard Times Of Blacks In The South In The 1940’s Racism was a big issue in the south in the 1940’s. Racism was a major issue in the south back then because of all kind of reasons for example the KKK, and the laws that would make the blacks inferior to the whites in the southern society. The author Richard Wright wrote the book Black Boy about his own childhood. Richard Wright’s writing was influenced by his experiences with racism, Jim Crow laws, and segregation in the south in the early 1940’sRead MoreTwo Colors One Land1881 Words   |  7 Pagesthat people are assumed. When one takes one slice of the big cake he or she can realize that the taste of the cake is not same for all races in U.S. There is a non ignorable categorization between the races in U.S. Jefferson M. Fish defines racism: â€Å"Treating people unfairly because of their group membership†. (2011) There are many advertisements that introduce U.S as the land of opportunities and land of freedom. U.S is one of the most developed countries about economic conditions and

Weight Debate The Freshman Twenty - 1314 Words

Kaitlynn Beaulieu Professor Healy English 123 17 April 2015 Weight Debate: The Freshman Fifteen Every college student knows about the midnight pizza runs, unlimited food in the dining halls, the ice cream bar, the two-in-the-morning cravings, and that plethora of snacks in the dorm room. In college, students get to make their own life choices, do whatever they want to do, and eat whatever they want to eat. Unfortunately, many college students make poor choices when it comes to their eating habits. A large majority of college students gain weight over the course of their freshman year, and the fact that such an extreme weight gain happens is so significant that it has earned itself a lasting name: the â€Å"Freshman Fifteen.† The freshman fifteen is a title used to describe the excessive amount of weight gained during the course of a college student’s freshman year. In actuality, the freshman â€Å"fifteen† is a misnomer; the name stuck because it is alliteration and it happens to be a catchy name. The number fifteen is al so a fairly daunting number when talking about weight-gain, though there are a number of people that have gained fifteen pounds during the course of their freshman year. When incoming college students gain weight, they can gain anywhere from five to twenty pounds, but most students only rack up enough to physically show that they’ve gained weight. According to a report made by the Journal of American College Health in 2005, Jim Dryden states â€Å"70% of collegeShow MoreRelatedNational Collegiate Athletic Association1726 Words   |  7 Pagesathletes across the United States of America. (Jcoram) Others that should join the cause are university presidents, athletic departments, sport commissioners, and coaches as well. 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The reason that it is like that is because the people who live in the United States are free to do to themselves as they please. This is what makes, in my opinion, America one of the greatest countries in the world. This isn’t a political debate so I am not going to get very deep into it, but I do not believe that the government has the right to tell its citizens what they can and cannot put in their bodies. In the United States you can eat anything you pretty much want. However, there areRead MoreThe Effects Of Homework On The American Educational System1804 Words   |  8 Pages Since the introduction of homework into the American educational system, the debate over how much work should be given to students has been constant. This debate has led to research being done on the nature of homework in schools, as well as explanations for why homework amounts vary among students. 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Affirmative action is a recent attempt to solve the discriminations produced by racial inequality. However, affirmative action is also being scrutinized as scholars and the public debate the benefits and harms of affirmative action. A Historical View Throughout the past 30 years, affirmative action has been the answer to racial inequality. The policy began in 1965 under President Johnson. It was used to redressRead More The Legitimacy of Electronic Scholarly Publishing Essay example3539 Words   |  15 Pageselectronic submissions of manuscripts(Harder H467). As scholarly electronic publishing develops as complement and competition to traditional publishing, the promotion and tenure boards at all universities will have to decide on the weight that electronic publishing will carry in annual evaluations; in essence, are electronic publications as respectable and credible as traditional publications? 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My actions indicated that I had already made all of the deci... sions, and that the teams suggestions would carry no weight. I had to change my leadership approach to focus on facilitating collaboration rather than dictating a course of action. Because our consultants present information in a systematic and analytical fash... ion when communicating with our clients, IRead MoreCorporate Finance174197 Words   |  697 Pagesframework of stock valuation explicitly includes these. At the other extreme, we could argue that these are non-economic phenomena and are best handled through the political process. A classic (and highly relevant) thought question that illustrates this debate goes something like this: â€Å"A firm has estimated that the cost of improving the safety of one of its products is $30 million. However, the firm believes that improving the safety of the product will only save $20 million in product liability claims

Organization of Study Time Free Essays

string(66) " is simply a case of getting your head down and working at these\." Study and revision skills INFO This section covers the following ideas and material: An introduction to revision methods, including †¢ concept mapping, ? ow charts and mind maps †¢ planned revision timing †¢ practising examination technique. General study methods Organisation of study time The examinations are looming large. Suddenly you realise that you do need your notes and experimental work from the last year or two. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization of Study Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Are they in good shape? Well†¦! It is worth remembering that revision is just that. It shouldn’t be the first time that you have tried to get to grips with a subject. Organisation of study habits over a whole course is a vital part of being successful. This certainly means practical things, such as making sure that your notes are intact and readable. But it also includes making sure that you have understood the ideas and connections as you have covered a topic. Nothing can be worse than trying to learn masses of material that you don’t understand. The best preparation for an examination begins a long time before it! This spreads the load and lessens the tension as the examination approaches. Figure 1 summarises various aspects of preparing for examinations. The coursework ‘arm’ emphasises not only the collection of good notes directly from class, but also the need to look at and use material from outside. Reading reference material and taking useful notes from it is a skill in itself. Table 1 outlines different methods of reading and their purpose. The first three methods are more appropriate to using books for reference. However, there is an increasing number of popular science books and magazines for which the last two methods are appropriate. In addition, there is an increasing amount of reference material now available on CD-ROM and, most significantly, the internet. You should find ways of using this material, as it provides a more interactive presentation of the material. The ability to make notes and topic summaries as you work through a course is important, as they can then be used as a starting point for revision. You should not think of practical work in chemistry as separate from other classwork. The ideas and detailed information from the practicals are important in reinforcing your understanding of a topic. Indeed, a particular experiment may help you to remember and understand a crucial idea – giving you a visual clue on which to ‘hang’ the idea in your memory. Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 1 reading CD-ROM practical work classnotes COURSEWORK review cards summary sheets Information how much? when? spider diagrams Or gan isin topic lists mind maps gn ote s O n rga g isin tim e take breaks REVISION SKILLS use a timetable u St sk ill key words and ideas s dy bi ha stick to timetab le or y ts M em suitable place regular reviews use summaries, spider diagrams and mind maps Figure 1 Revision involves organisation and the development of particular skills. alone or with a friend ime of day Type of reading skimming scanning reflective reading detecting bias reading for pleasure Method looking for the main topics looking for specific information reading carefully and thoughtfully, with attention to detail separating fact from opinion reading at own pace Purpose to gain an overall impression to find particular facts or conclusions to obtain a thorough understanding of a topic to form a decided impression of a controversial area to gain a feel for a subject, and for enjoyment Table 1 Different methods of reading and their purpose. This book, and the accompanying materials, are aimed specifically at students taking the Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry course. This is a course and qualification with a very high international reputation. 2  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills INFO There is an excellent website for Cambridge IGCSE students, at: www. cambridgestudents. org. uk/subjectpages/chemistry/igcsechemistry Do take a good look at this website. You will ? nd copies of past papers, model answers to past questions, some simulations, and revision checklists based on the syllabus. The tips from examiners are there to help you do well in the exam and are certainly worth taking note of. The website is worth visiting regularly, as new material and up-to-date papers are added to it. Getting started We have said it earlier, and it can be boring to repeat it, but it remains true all the same: to make sure of a high grade in your final examinations you will need to work hard throughout your course. Here are some tips to help you make the best use of the time you put in on your work in chemistry. Make sure you have a copy of the IGCSE Chemistry syllabus. There is one provided on this CD which also gives you guidance as to where in the book the different topics are covered. It is important you know the course you are taking and the way in which you will be assessed. IGCSE exams aren’t just about learning facts. You need to be able to understand your work and become sufficiently confident in your understanding to answer questions about things you have never met before. You need to be able to transfer your knowledge in a particular area to an example that will be unfamiliar to you. The IGCSE examiners will be setting questions to test three sets of skills (they are known as Assessment Objectives). These are: †¢ Skill A: knowledge with understanding †¢ Skill B: handling information and solving problems †¢ Skill C: experimental skills and investigations. About 50% of all the marks in the exam are for skill A, 30% for skill B and 20% for skill C. Skill A is about learning and understanding all the facts and concepts in the syllabus. These are covered in your textbook, and your teacher will make sure you have met them all in class as your course progresses. There are no crafty shortcuts, it is simply a case of getting your head down and working at these. You read "Organization of Study Time" in category "Papers" Skill B is about using these facts and concepts and applying them to an unfamiliar context. It’s important that you become confident in tackling questions that, at first sight, look completely new. The workbook will give you lots of practice at this. Trying past question papers will also help to test this skill, but there will still be unusual material that you will meet for the first time in the exam. The following ‘model exam question’ is similar to the type of question found on an extended paper and will give you some idea of what to expect. Cathodic protection of steel objects is not mentioned in the syllabus whereas sacrificial protection is. Yet here you are asked to compare the two using your knowledge and understanding of electrolysis. Skill C is about practical skills. You should have plenty of opportunity to do experiments in a laboratory throughout your course. The workbook also has exercises that will help you to improve your skills at handling and interpreting data obtained from experiments, and designing experiments. But make sure you gain the most you can from your practical sessions. Chapter 12 gives you clear guidance about what is involved in the assessment of your practical work.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 3 Model Q Questions For relevant material, see Chapter 9. Titanium is very resistant to corrosion. One of its uses is as an electrode in the cathodic protection of large steel structures from rusting. + power – steel oil rig which is cathode titanium anode seawater contains H+(aq), OH–(aq), Na+(aq), Cl –(aq) a Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer. Oxidation is the loss of electrons Reduction is the gain of electrons HINT: Remember OIL RIG – to help remember ‘oxidation is loss; reduction is gain’ [2] b The steel oil rig is the negative electrode (cathode) in this protective electrolytic arrangement. Name the gas formed at this electrode. Hydrogen HINT: Discharge of H+ ions from the seawater. [1] c Name one of the two possible gases formed at the titanium anode. Oxygen (or chlorine) HINT: Discharge of OH? ions or Cl? from the seawater. [1] d Explain why the oil rig does not rust. T oil rig legs are the cathode in the cell that is set up (see diagram)he and oxidation does not take place at the cathode (electrons are moving towards the cathode, not away from it). HINT: See Chapter 4 – oxidation takes place at the anode in electrolysis; reduction takes place at the cathode. Do not confuse this with sacri? cial protection. [2] e Another way of protecting steel from corrosion that involves using another metal is sacrificial protection. Give two differences between sacrificial protection and cathodic protection. Cathodic protection involves electrolysis and needs electricity; it uses an inert electrode (here made of titanium). Sacrificial protection needs a more reactive metal; this metal corrodes instead of the steel. Sacrificial protection does not need electricity. f What is the name of the method of rust protection that uses zinc? Galvanisation [2] [1] 4  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills Keeping up progress During the course you will be given work to do. Try to work steadily through all the necessary material throughout your course. It is really important that you keep up with this. Don’t set out to make life difficult for yourself. Do make sure that you understand each piece of work you do. Research shows that we find it much easier to learn and remember things if we understand them. If there is something you don’t understand, make sure you do everything you can to put this right straight away. Quite often working through a topic with a friend will help. Use your school library or the internet. Be careful of the internet, though, as many chemistry sites are written for other courses in different countries. These can use different approaches and it is difficult to apply the explanations you see. Ask your teacher for a (short) list of reliable sites you can go to regularly. Strategies of study Your study sessions should use a variety of techniques to aid your understanding and learning of the material. Simply reading over your notes is not a particularly productive strategy. Try to summarise topics as you read, then shorten the summary down to a set of key words. Having learnt these, try to reconstruct notes on the topic. Your learning and understanding can also be checked and developed by answering questions from past examination papers. Keep the length of time taken to answer questions in mind when testing yourself. There is no point in preparing over-elaborate answers to short questions. An important aspect of understanding a topic is to ‘see the connections’ between the ideas involved. Establishing these links makes it so much easier to remember the details of a topic. Pictorial methods of linking ideas can be very useful for this. INFO The methods available include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ?ow charts concept maps Venn diagrams mind maps. The importance of all these methods is that they force us to sort out the material into key ideas, and then to establish the links between them. It is useful to draw up the diagrams for yourself. Remember that your ‘maps’ may well differ from other people’s. Comparing notes with others, or even drawing them up together as a group, can also be very useful. Sharing ideas and comparing maps helps you to think things through. As you use these methods, you will develop greater skill in drawing them up. Flow charts are linear in their approach and work down from a major idea by a series of subdivisions. They are useful for emphasising the different types of chemical substance, for example (see examples of charts in Chapters 2 and 3 in the textbook). Concept maps and mind maps are particularly useful for helping you to see the flow of ideas. In a concept map (Figure 2), the interlinking idea is written alongside the connecting arrow.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 5 a combustion neutralisation precipitation synthesis redox are types of a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction can be written down as a word or symbol equation word n tio equa sym bo equa l tion example: zinc + oxygen zinc oxide 2Zn + O2 2ZnO these are elements this is a compound this means this means 2 atoms of zinc 1 molecule of oxygen is the process that positive ions undergo at the cathode during is the gain of ELECTROLYSIS transferred during ELECTRONS is the loss of is the opposite process to is the process that negative ions undergo at the anode during process used to extract metals in the BLAST FURNACE REDUCTION REDOX OXIDATION is a special form of is the opposite process to is the removal of is the addition of COMB USTION OXYGEN element removed from metal ores by carbon in Figure 2 a Spider diagrams, and b concept maps involve organising ideas and their connections. reactions in which substances react with Venn diagrams are useful for showing where different categories overlap. For example, the different ways in which we categorise reactions can result in overlaps. Figure 3 shows this. It also shows how the term ‘redox reaction’ covers a wide range of reactions. 6  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills NEUTRALISATION acid + base/alkali salt + water ONLY PRECIPITATION forming an insoluble solid by a chemical reaction sodium thiosulfate + hydrochloric acid REDOX Synthesis Decomposition to elements Electrolysis Displacement Figure 3 A Venn diagram showing various types of reaction. Can you think of examples to ? ll each space? (One has been done for you. ) Figure 4 shows a mind map covering aspects of the nature of atoms and molecules. This particular map covers a wide range of ideas – radiating from the central idea that matter is made up of very small particles (atoms or molecules, depending on the substance being talked about). The interconnections of ideas are emphasised. Putting the map on paper helps you to sort out your ideas! There are obviously overlaps between different topics. There are various pieces of mind-mapping software available (one was sed to construct Figure 4) and you can find these on the internet. However, it is important not to get over-involved in the processes of a particular IT package. In many ways the important thing about ‘mind-mapping’ is that it can be practised quite casually, and frequently, simply on a piece of ‘rough’ paper. Sketching different ‘mind maps’ on different topics is a way of looking at the subject from different angles to aid the memory. The main point is the thinking that is done while constructing the ‘map’.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 7 escribes the states of matter and the movement of particles in these states the particles in matter are moving all the time ion init de f different substances contain different types of particles, e. g. atoms, ions or molecules Kinetic theory all matter is made up of very small particles the higher the temperature, the higher the average energy of the particles Diffusion does not take place in solids heavier particles move more slowly than lighter particles at the same temperature much slower in liquids than gases often energy given out various types, e. g. synthesis and decomposition usually not easily reversible ATOMS AND MOLECULES new chemical substances formed Chemical reactions e. g. melting or dissolving Physical changes Dalton’s idea easily reversible, e. g. by cooling or evaporating no new chemical substances made Atomic theory atoms of different elements can combine to make the molecules of a compound a pure element contains only atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus atoms of an element are each given their own symbol atoms are the smallest particles that take part in a chemical reaction the atoms of the different elements differ in size Figure 4 A mind map on ‘atoms and molecules’.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills (isotopes) (nucleus) (nuclear reactions) (balanced equations) physical properties depend on how the atoms are linked together (atoms can be subdivided) everything is made from about 100 elements, each made up of different atoms everything is made of invisibly small atoms, linked together in differen t patterns everything can be made from a few substances combined in different ways structures weigh the same as the total mass of their parts the total amount of matter stays the same (by mass) during chemical changes mount of matter stays the same (by atom count) during chemical changes chemical combinations of substances have different properties visible objects may be made of large numbers of very small invisible particles substances have physical properties magnifiers and microscopes often show that objects are made of smaller parts small parts can be put together in different ways to make different things water evaporates into the air all materials come from somewhere and must go somewhere PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES COMMON ELEMENTS ATOMS ARE INVISIBLY SMALL CONSERVATION OF MATTER KEY Scientific ideas More general notions Storylines Figure 5 The different ‘storylines’ behind the maps branch into each other. Figure 5 shows how several ‘storylines’ can be linked together. This type of diagram can help you see the overall pattern of a section of the course you are taking and begin to see the ‘connections’ between ideas. The more connections, or associations, you can make between ideas, the more likely you are to understand and remember them. When a particular part of a course, or a particular topic, is finished it can be useful to produce a diagrammatic summary. This helps reinforce the linked ideas while they are still fresh in your mind. The charts can provide a useful ‘checklist’ when it comes to revision. The next three charts (Figure 6a,b,c) show how parts of a course can be summarised. Figure 6a summarises a great deal of the material covered in Chapters 2 and 3, and Figures 6b and 6c flow into each other and show how much of chemistry develops from a consideration of the Earth’s resources. This ‘map’ of chemistry provides a context for your studies.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 9 a SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES CHEMISTRY SECTION ONE PARTICLES ATOMS MOLECULES IONS ATOMIC STRUCTURE proton number Z – mass number A PROTONS ELECTRONS ORBITS (2,8,8) PROTONS +NEUTRONS NEUTRONS = A–Z p + 1 n o 1 e – EQUATIONS and CALCULATIONS Balancing Mr from Ar + % Quantities from equations Solids and gases Formulae from % Data Book FORMULAE 1 1840 CHEMICAL BONDS FORMING IONS Metals lose electrons Non-metals gain electrons GROUP 1 THE ALKALI METALS Reaction with Water Storage Variation down group Density m. p. IONIC COVALENT SHARING ELECTRONS GROUP 7 THE HALOGENS Reaction with iron Displacement Colour Variation down group m. . TRANSITION METALS Coloured compounds Catalysts High m. p. s NOBLE GASES No reactions Coloured lights METALS NON-METALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Malleable Conductors Strong High m. p. Shiny Alloys BURNING IN AIR and OXYGEN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Brittle Poor conductors Low m. p. Dull REACTIVITY OF METALS BASIC OXIDES ACIDIC OXIDES Figure 6 a, b, c Flow charts can show very clear ly the links between different areas of chemistry and help provide an overall pattern to a course. 10  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills b CHEMISTRY SECTION TWO ALKALIS Basic Oxides + Water CHEMICAL REACTIONS ACIDS Acidic Oxides + Water REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS AIR NEUTRALISATION H + +OH – H2O BONDS BREAK and FORM WATER ACID POTASSIUM SODIUM 14 pH WEAK WEAK STRONG pH STRONG NEW SUBSTANCES 8 6 1 Rapid Rapid BANG! ENERGY CHANGE CALCIUM  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry MAGNESIUM Quite Quick Rapid WATER pH7 SALT ALUMINIUM ZINC SULFATE Sulfuric Acid CHLORIDE Hydrochloric Acid NITRATE Nitric Acid Slow React with Steam Slow IRON ENDOTHERMIC Energy used and taken in EXOTHERMIC Energy produced and given out COPPER No Very Slow REVERSIBLE REACTIONS Can go both ways SILVER No GOLD No N2 + 3H2 2NH3 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS RATE(Speed) OF REACTION Reactions happen when particles collide. BUT they must collide hard enough. More collisions or harder collisions = Faster reaction. More reactive metals displace Less reactive metals from their compounds. BIG DIFFERENCE = FAST REACTION TEMPERATURE ALL REACTIONS Higher Temp Faster Particles Harder Collisions Faster Reaction Faster Reaction More Collisions More Particles More Conc REACTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS REACTIONS WITH SOLIDS Small Pieces More Surface More Collisions Faster Reaction CONCENTRATION SURFACE AREA CATALYST SOME REACTIONS Catalyst not used up. Less energy needed More collisions succeed Study and revision skills ENZYMES Special Biological Catalysts in Living things. 11 c 12 BAUXITE ROCK Crust HEMATITE REDUCTION MALACHITE BLAST FURNACE ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN OXIDE ALUMINIUM IRON LIME O2 STEEL CHEMISTRY SECTION THREE THE EARTH RAW MATERIALS N2 AIR O2 CO2 WATER H2O Photosynthesis Breathing IGNEOUS LIMESTONE HE AT  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry S U N SEDIMENTARY BLAST FURNACE + PURIFICATION BY ELECTROLYSIS Decay ering Erosion eat W sport Deposi an nta tio Tr Ceme tion n PLANTS Cooling Heat Pressure COPPER ANIMALS Death MAGMA METAMORPHIC M elti n g HALITE RockSalt NITRIC ACID LIME CEMENT GLASS SLAKED LIME CO2 O2 FOSSIL FUELS NITRATES IN SOIL NATURAL GAS AMMONIUM NITRATE N2 ELECTROLYSIS OF SOLUTION HABER PROCESS AMMONIA NITRIC ACID FERTILISER COAL PETROLEUM COKE HYDROGEN Fuel CHLORINE Water Treatment SODIUM HYDROXIDE Soap. BLEACH FUEL +or ELECTRICITY FRACTIONAL DISTIL LATION ALKENES GAS PETROL NAPHTHA KEROSINE DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL FUEL OIL BITUMEN CRACKING PLASTICS Study and revision skills The glossary – words are important Chemistry can be said to have a language of its own. As for the other sciences, there are special terms that need to be understood and remembered – an ‘atom’ is not the same thing as an ‘ion’ or a ‘molecule’. There are also some words that have a different slant on their meaning in chemistry. For example, saying that ethanol is ‘volatile’ does not mean that it is about to ‘freak out’, simply that it evaporates easily. Throughout the textbook, you will find words that have been highlighted in red bold type. It would be useful to make a note of these and make sure that you are clear about their meaning. A glossary of these important chemical terms is also provided at the end of the book. The same glossary is also provided on this CD. If your first language is not English – and possibly even if it is – it would be useful to keep your own ‘chemical vocabulary’ book to help you to learn and understand the terms used in this subject. This should help you to understand questions clearly and not get tied up in confusing ‘waffle’ in your answers.  © Cambridge University Press IGCSE Chemistry Study and revision skills 13 How to cite Organization of Study Time, Papers

Rudyard Kipling free essay sample

He was a gifted writer and a huge celebrity, and has provided us with countless writings that will continue to be enjoyed by future generations. There are two perspectives when it comes to Kipling’s canonization; those that believe based solely on his writing abilities think he should be canonized, and those who saw him as an only an outspoken political figure do not. The questions surrounding his use of a swastika show him to be a possible Nazi sympathizer and curve his support of canonization. The purpose of this research paper is to provide the insight and the facts to support the stature of his writing abilities, and to prove that on the merit of his writing alone, he is a true literary canon. Despite his political incorrectness, he should be considered a talented and remarkable author based solely on his literary creativity. Kipling was born in December of 1965 in Bombay, British India; which is now known as Mumbai, India. We will write a custom essay sample on Rudyard Kipling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was an English poet, short story writer and novelist (Wikipedia). He was born to Lockwood and Alice Kipling, who were both highly respected people in their time. Kipling was in love with India and the people that inhabited it. Some of Kipling’s earliest and fondest memories are of him and his sister Alice’s trips to the bustling fruit market with their nanny, or her telling them Indian nursery rhymes and stories before their nap in the tropical afternoon heat. (Merriman) When he was six years old, he was torn from India and sent to a boarding house in England, where he experienced brutal and harsh treatment from his foster mother. He was regularly beaten by her and her son. This is where he began to develop his ability of imagining characters. He used this as a way to distance himself from the desolation that he endured. (BiographyChannel) He would spend his time hiding from his foster mother to read books and escape into their stories. Once she discovered he was sneaking away to read, she scolded him and confiscated all of the books his parents had sent him. He then began to imagine his own characters and stories while bouncing a ball against the wall so she would think he was simply playing. After spending 5 years at the boarding home, his mother received news that he was becoming mentally ill and returned for him so he could attend the United Services College, where he became the editor of the school paper. (Merriman) Kiplings closest friend at Westward Ho! , George Beresford, described him as a short, but cheery, capering, podgy, little fellow with a thick pair of spectacles over a broad smile. His eyes were brilliant blue, and over them his heavy black eyebrows moved up and down as he talked. (Advameg) His parents eventually sent him back to India where his father got him a job as a journalist. He began frequenting opium dens and brothels, which flooded his mind with material to write his earliest works. He began writing about drug addicts and sex. He essentially had began his career as a roving reporter, traveling to various parts of India and the United States. He wrote dozens of essays and short stories, the most notable of them being Barrack-Room Ballads, which made his writings quite popular with servicemen at the time. (Merriman) In 1889 Kipling took a long voyage through China, Japan, and the United States. When he reached London, he found that his stories had preceded him and established him as a brilliant new author. He was readily accepted into the circle of leading writers. (Advameg) After moving back to England, he began writing about a new subject, the British soldier. He soon moved to the United States and married Caroline Balestier, the sister of his publisher. They settled on the Balestier estate near Brattleboro, Vermont, in the United States, and began four of the happiest years of Kiplings life. During this time he wrote some of his best work. (Advameg) They soon had his first child, Josephine, who inspired him to write some of his most renowned children’s literature. The Jungle Book and â€Å"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi† were by far his most popular works and are still read by children today. The Jungle Book, published in 1892, was eventually made into a movie in 1942, and animated by Disney in the 1960’s (Liukkonen). It is still quite a popular story among children today. The fascination of talking animals and a lost boy’s adventures still exists today. By the time he was 32, he was the highest paid novelist in the world. Some people relate Kipling with the swastika. Kipling occasionally used the defamed symbol on the bindings and covers of his books. These people view this as Kipling being a Nazi sympathizer. This does not seem to be the case. The pre-Nazi Swastika was a Hindu symbol of good luck, which he learned through his father’s knowledge of Indian art, but the suspicion still remains to this day. (Walker) While in the United States, Josephine and Kipling both contracted pneumonia. Caroline was unable to watch after them both and was forced to care for only one of them. She chose to take Josephine to a nearby neighbor’s house to be nursed back to health, but Josephine was unable to survive the pneumonia. BiographyChannel) After the death of Josephine, he returned to England for the rest of his days. This was a drastic turning point within his life. He no longer wished to live where his daughter had taken her last breath. Her death was a dreadful devastation to him. Kiplings later stories treat more complex, subtle, and somber subjects. They reflect Kiplings darkened worldview following the death of his daughte r, Josephine, in 1899, and the death of his son, John, in 1915. Consequently, these stories have never been as popular as his earlier works. But modern critics, in reevaluating Kipling, have found a greater power and depth that make them among his best work. (Advameg) Rudyard Kipling died of a hemorrhage on 18 January 1936 in London, and his ashes are interred in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey, London, England near to T. S. Eliot. Today his study and the gardens at ‘The Elm’ are preserved by the Rottingdean Preservation Society, and Bateman’s is held by the National Trust. (Merriman) There have been societies and other notable devotions made in honor of Kipling due to his overwhelming popularity as a legendary writer. Kipling could be claimed the most popular writer in England in his time, and was consistently honored for his works. He had declined most of the awards which that were offered to him, including a knighthood, the Poet Laureateship, and the Order of Merit, but in 1907 he had accepted the Nobel Prize for Literature (Walker). Kipling was the recipient of many honorary degrees and other awards. In 1926 he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Literature, which only Scott, Meredith, and Hardy had been awarded before him. Foundation) He was considered a major â€Å"innovator in the art of the short story† and is a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was also the first English-language writer to be awarded the prize, and to this date he remains to be the youngest recipient (Wikipedia). Kipling will forever be one of the great historical writers that have entertained us all.

The Personality Of The Chorus In Terms Of Oedipus Essays

The Personality Of The Chorus In Terms Of Oedipus Essays The Personality Of The Chorus In Terms Of Oedipus In Oedipus the King, Sophocles utilizes the chorus to function as the embodiment of the reasoning process. Throughout the play, the chorus personality gradually evolves as information pertaining to Oedipus becomes disclosed. The progression of the chorus personality can be divided into three distinct stages: supportive and reliant on Oedipus, uncertain about the circumstances presented against Oedipus and commiserating Oedipus fall. In each stage, the chorus serves a background to all interactions and provides the prospective Sophocles desires the audience (or readers) to grasp. The chorus also creates a sense of unity and cohesiveness which pervades the entire play. The chorus evolving personality reflects the progressive revelation of Oedipus tragic fate. At the beginning of the play, the chorus personality is unaffected by Oedipus fate and shows full confidence in Oedipus abilities as a leader. The chorus views Oedipus as their savior, the one who is to rid the pollution suffocating Thebes by killing the murder of Laius. The chorus reveals what they believe Oedipus is capable of by saying if he[murders of Laius] has a share of fear at all, his courage will not stand firm, hearing your curse (pg. 22 line 294). The chorus support is absolutely unanimous and unquestionable. Even when Teiresias, a man with the gift of prophecy, reveals Oedipus fate to the chorus, the personality of the chorus remains static and it professes, One man may pass another in wisdom but I would never agree with those that find fault with the king till I should see the word proved right beyond doubt( pg. 32 line 508). The chorus belief in Oedipus exceeds even fate. In fact, the chorus faith in Oedipus initially overshadows his numerous character flaws. As a resu lt of Oedipus rash temperament, the chorus often finds itself in a position where it must defend Oedipus actions. For instance, when Oedipus grows suspicious of Creon and speaks ill of him to Teiresias, the chorus protectively reasons to Creon that it was a sudden gust of anger that forced that insult from him, and no judgement (pg. 32 line 525). The chorus support of Oedipus is initially impervious to his fate. The chorus personality towards Oedipus slowly begins to shift from supportive to ambiguous when information steadily reveals Oedipus fate. The first noticeable sign of change occurs when Oedipus attacks Creons loyalty. The chorus exposes doubts it has concerning Oedipus impulsive temper; they say when referring to Creons words, His words are wise, king, if one fears to fall. Those who are quick of temper are not safe (pg. 37 line 617). This marks the first time the chorus questions any of Oedipus actions. As the quarrel continues the chorus slowly begins to side with Creon and even states, He has been no silly child in the past. He is strong in his oath now. Spare him (pg. 39 line 658). Oedipus rash manner and the presentation of incriminating information have finally resulted in the altering of the chorus personality. The feeling of uncertainty pervades as the chorus lacking confidence in Oedipus says, God grant that now, too, you may prove a fortunate guide for us (pg. 41 line 695) . Ironically, Oedipus impetus on Creon brought about his own incrimination and the realization of his fate. The chorus personality evolves over the duration of the argument with Creon and eventually the chorus realizes the tragic fate of Oedipus. The final stage of the chorus personality progression revolves around the downfall of Oedipus due to his fate. In this stage, the chorus exposes the notion that the welfare of the state is all that truly matters. For example, when the chorus prays to the Gods for guidance, it says, Isolence breeds the tryant, insolence if it is glutted with a surfeit, unseasonable, unprofitable, climbs to the roof-top and plunges sheer down to the ruin that must be, and there its feet are no service. But I pray that the God may never abolish the eager ambition that profits the state. For I shall never cease to hold the God as our protector (pg. 48 line 875). The chorus has turned its pleas to the God and no longer place

4 Reasons to Major in a Foreign Language (and 3 Not To)

4 Reasons to Major in a Foreign Language (and 3 Not To) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Gaikokugo ga suki desu ka?That’s Japanese for â€Å"Do you like foreign languages?† If your answer is a resounding yes, then a foreign language major might be for you. In 2013, I graduated from USC with a bachelor’s degree in Japanese. Though I sometimes doubted whether I should major in Japanese, I ultimately knew it was the right choice because being able to understand and use Japanese was a skill I wanted to have for the rest of my life. Moreover, I didn't just enjoy learning Japanese but also loved getting to know Japanese culture. These are the reasons I chose to major in Japanese. That said,a language major isn’t for everyone. So should you major in a foreign language? What are the reasons you should? And what are the reasons you shouldn't? In this guide, I give you four reasons to major in a foreign language and three reasons not to. I also go over what questions to ask yourself before deciding whether to pursue a language major. But first, what exactly is a foreign language major? What Is a Foreign Language Major? Before I go into the reasons you should and should not major in a foreign language, let me explain what I mean by majoring in a foreign language. Many US colleges offer undergraduatemajors that focus on a specific language and the main region/culture it's spoken in. In other words, you’re not simply majoring in a language but rather a language and where it’s most commonly used. So if your major is French, you’ll likely learn about France. Similarly, If you’re studying Mandarin Chinese, you’ll likely learn about Chinese culture. Colleges offering foreign language majors typically house them inhumanities departments or at colleges of letters, arts, and sciences (or something equivalent). Although most foreign language majors combine language and cultural studies, many are named after the language only. For example, if you’re studying Spanish (in addition to Latin American or Spanish culture), your major is most likely called Spanish instead of something like Spanish culture or Spanish language and culture. However, some schools use slightly broader names for their foreign language majors.My alma mater, USC, for example, offers an East Asian Languages and Cultures (EALC) major, which lets you study Japanese, Chinese, or Korean (as well as the language's respective area). As a result, students mainly studying Japanese might say they’re majoring in Japanese when in actuality they’re majoring in EALC with an emphasis in Japanese (as in my case). Some schools also offer foreign language majors that let youstudy more than one language at a time.One example is the University of Michigan's Romance Languages and Literatures major. For this program, students can study two Romance languages (out of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and French) at the same time. Finally, some majors have college language requirements but are not specifically focused on the language (or area) itself.Examples include comparative literature majors and linguistics majors. For the former, you must typically learn at least one foreign language so that you can compare texts in their original languages. For the latter, you must know a foreign language so that you can effectively analyze its linguistic properties. Though these two majors clearly involve language study, they're not the same as language majors in that they don't focus on area/cultural studiesas well. Overall, it’s arguably more accurate to call language majors "foreign culture majors" or "foreign language and culture majors," since these majors almost always combine the study of language and culture. Learning culture is just as important as learning language. My Story: I Majored in Japanese Now that you understand what a foreign language major is, let’s get down to business: who am I, and why am I writing this article? As I briefly mentioned at the beginning, I majored in a foreign language (and in English- what can I say? I love languages!). My language of choice was Japanese. Why did I choose this language? Well, I’d been studying it since junior high school, absolutely loved learning it (even though it was really, really hard at times- and still is), and envisioned myself eventually using Japanese in my career. Because I knew I wanted to major in Japanese before I even started college, I looked specifically for colleges that offered a major in Japanese. Eventually, I enrolled at USC where I declared a major in East Asian Languages and Cultures with an emphasis in Japanese. For this major, I had to take mostly Japanese-language classes as well as classes on topics relating to Japanese and East Asian studies, such as literature, art, and history. Since graduating from USC, I’ve worked as an English teacher for the JET Program (a government-sponsored program that pays you to teach English in Japan) and am now enrolled in a Japanese Studies Master of Arts program at the University of Michigan. Here are the primary reasons you can trust my advice in this article: I have firsthand experience with learning and majoring in a language:I know what kinds of classes you’ll likely need to take and understand how tough it can be to keep up your language skills (especially over those long summer breaks!). I have worked in a job that uses my target language: Obviously, what kinds of job options you'll have after majoring in a foreign language will depend on several factors, but know that I, too, have gone through the process and will try my best to lend you a (relevant) hand. I majored in what I loved: Ultimately, I chose to major in Japanese because it was something I found interesting, useful for my career goals, and downright fun. Now that we've covered all the basics, let’s take a look at the main reasons you should (and should not) major in a foreign language. 4 Reasons to Major in a Foreign Language We’ll start with the positive points. What are the benefits of majoring in a foreign language, and what are the main reasons you should consider doing it? #1: You’re Passionate About the Language and Want to Use It in Your Career This is rule #1 in my book. You should only be majoring in a foreign language if you’re absolutely passionate about it. The reason passion is so important is that learning a foreign language is really hard work and takes years of practice to become fluent. Majoring in a language is also a smart idea if you plan to use the language in your career.If you want to be a translator/interpreter, for instance, majoring in the language you want to translate is a 100% practical decision and will give you the background necessary for doing well in your job. But a foreign language major won't make you a lot of money, right? Not necessarily. Although liberal arts degrees have a reportedly harder time landing well-paying jobs, recent reports show that many liberal arts majors earn about as much as, if not more than, STEM majors do. #2: You’ll Learn a Practical and Lifelong Skill Although many people don’t think a foreign language major is practical, knowing another language is an excellent lifelong skill to have and can come in handy in a variety of situations, particularly if you want to travel abroad or work in a global industry. You've probably heard thatthere are tons of mental benefits of being bilingual, such as improved memory and better multi-tasking skills. But there are also broader benefitsof knowing a foreign language that apply to your career and lifestyle. Here's whatan article posted on Trinity Washington University’s websitehas to say about knowing multiple languages: "The ability to communicate in multiple languages is becoming more and more important in the increasingly integrated global business community.*Communicating directly with new clients and companies in their native language is one of the first steps to founding a lasting, stable international business relationship." *Emphasis mine Clearly, majoring in a foreign language not only teaches you how to speak a language but also how to communicate effectively with people (and potentially business partners!) from different cultures and language backgrounds. This is an excellent attribute to have in the workplace and might even result in higher pay in the long run. It’s also a great skill to have when applying for jobs since your ability to speak another language will help you stand out from other applicants. An article on Penn State's websiteagrees, claiming that multilingualism increases your desirability in the job market: "In our globalized world, it has become even more essential in the job market to know another language. Companies and businesses have a natural desire to expand their existing networks. Having fluency in another language gives an edge on any resume by showing employers potential to converse with an entirely different group of people."* *Emphasis mine As you can see, there are some great occupational benefits to majoring in a foreign language and being familiar with another culture! #3: You Want to Work in a Foreign Country If one of your goals is to work and live in another country- in particular, an area where your target language is spoken- a major in that language is a logical choice. Such a major proves that you are familiar with both the language and culture. For some jobs based in your target country, knowing the local language might be expected. Even if it’s not required, though, your knowing the local language couldgive a boost to your resume,as it implies you’ll require less help adjusting to your new environment. #4: You Like the Idea of Double Majoring Majoring in a foreign language can be useful for your career goals if you plan to double major. This way, you’ll have a different skill or field you can apply your language knowledge to. You’ll be most appealing as a job candidate if you pair a foreign language major with a major in an entirely different field,such as business, international relations, political science, economics, STEM, or education. This kind of double major will give you a vast range of skills you can apply to a variety of careers and fields, from business to PR to teaching. Hoping to earn a lot of money? Then pair your language major with a STEM major. According to a report by The Conversation, this combination offers the biggest potential for high earnings. (Note, however, that a dual STEM degree typically brings in the most cash.) There are even programs that encourage students to double major in STEM and a foreign language. If you’re like me and can’t get enough of the humanities, it's OK to double major in a language and another liberal arts major. Just know thatyour potential for high wages will be lower than if you combined your language major with a major in a technical- or business-oriented field. This doesn’t mean that you will for sure earn a small salary- just that your job options might be more limited. 3 Reasons Not to Major in a Foreign Language Now that we’ve gone over the good side, it's time to head on over to the dark side. What are some reasons you shouldn’t major in a foreign language? I introduce my top three below. #1: You’re Not Passionate About the Language You’re Learning This is a pretty obvious reason, but if you're not passionate about the language you’re learning and don’t intend to use it after college, don’t major in it. Learning a language is tough- sometimes it feels impossible. So if you’re majoring in one, you need to have the patience and diligence to study it for the long term. A language major means you'll be learning the language the rest of your life. This is what you must doto keep up your communicative skills and be able to use the language consistently in both your career and social life.If you’re not ready for this lifelong process or aren’t sure whether this is something you can commit to, don’t major in a foreign language. Don't know what you want? Take a class or two in your desired language of study and then decide whether this is something you can see yourself studying (and enjoying!) for a long, long time. If you enjoy learning a foreign language but are more interested in other fields, consider minoring in the language. This way, you’ll still be able to use the language fairly effectively but more so as a supplementary skill- meaning that it won’t be the main skill set you graduate with but will still be an important one. #2: You're Expecting to Be Fluent by the Time You Graduate Unfortunately, even if you study a foreign language for four years straight in college, this doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll graduate with full fluency in it. The reality is that many foreign language majors won't actually attain fluency by the end of college. It’s not that these students are bad at the language or that their schools are bad at teaching it- it’s simply that students typically need more time and language practice than what college offers. So if you're not ready to dedicate your personal life as well as your academic life to this language, it's probably not in your best interest to major in it. While it's possible to attainsome level of fluency by the time you graduate, what skill level you're at will ultimately depend on many factors, including how well you did in your language classes, whether you studied abroad (trust me, it helps!), and how often you used (and continue to use) the language outside of class. Part of fluency also depends on the language you're studying and what your native tongue is.Data released by the Foreign Service Institute of the US Department of Stateshows thatit takes native English speakersfar less time to reach proficiency in Spanish, French, or Italian than it does to reach proficiency in Japanese, Chinese, Korean, or Arabic. In my case, I spent the equivalent of four years studying Japanese in college. I even studied abroad in Tokyo for a semester. But would I say I was fluent by the time I graduated? Far from it. Though I loved the Japanese language and certainly felt I was at an advanced level, I still struggled to speak and understand it. Some of this was due to laziness- I didn’t make much of an effort to integrate Japanese into my daily life, which I strongly regret- and some of this was due to a lack of confidence in my abilities (I always got shy whenever I tried to speak Japanese with people). However, once I moved to Japan after college and began living in a small town where virtually no one spoke English, my Japanese rapidly improved. Basically, what I’m trying to get at is that you shouldn’t expect to be a totally fluent speaker in a language simply because you majored in it. In reality, you’re likely going to need to spend time outside of and after school practicing the language and really making it part of your life until you can honestly say you've reached a comfortable level of fluency. In short, a foreign language major takes a lot of additional effort to make it worth it. #3: There’s a Higher Chance of Unemployment and Low Pay I’ve already touched on this a little above, but it can be difficult for language majors to find a well-paying job (especially if you majored inonly a language and didn't double major). Let’s start by looking at unemployment rates.According to Forbes, non-technical majors have higher unemployment rates than STEM, business, and health care majors do. Moreover, recent graduates with liberal arts degreesface an unemployment rate of 9.2%. But what about salary?A 2015 study conducted by Georgetown’s Center on Education and the Workforce found that the median salary for those who majored in a foreign language was about $52,000. While this salary might not sound too bad to you, by comparing it with the median salaries of other common majors, you'll see that salaries for foreign language majors don't rank that high: General engineering: $81,000 Economics: $76,000 Architecture: $67,000 Nursing: $66,000 Public policy: $65,000 Biology: $56,000 Journalism: $56,000 History: $54,000 Foreign languages: $52,000 Commercial art and graphic design: $51,000 Psychology: $49,000 Secondary teacher education: $48,000 Overall, majoring in a foreign language is a somewhat risky business. Not only might you have more trouble finding a job, but you’re also likely to have a lower starting salary. Should You Major in a Foreign Language? 3 Questions to Ask Yourself So far we’ve looked at some of the reasons you should and should not major in a foreign language. In the end, though, should you do it? Here are three questions to ask yourself before making your final decision. #1: What Kind of Career Do You Want (or Think You Want)? Although you don’t technically have to use your major in your career, it’s a good idea to try to find a way to apply the skills you acquired in college (in this case, mastery of a foreign language) to your professional life. But what kinds of jobs will a language major prepare you for? Two of the most popular fields for language majors aretranslation and interpretation. However, there's both good and bad with this. The bad news is that these two jobs typically don't pay a ton. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual wage for translators and interpreters in May 2016 was $46,120. Wages can vary a lot, though.While the lowest 10% of translators made less than $25,370 in 2016, the highest 10% made more than $83,010. That’s a difference of almost $58,000! This variation in pay depends on a number of factors, including whether you’re a self-employed or in-house worker, where you live, and what languages you know. So what’s the good news? Translation/interpretation jobs are on the rise. According to the BLS, the projected growth rate for interpreters and translators from 2016 to 2026 is 18%- that’s % faster than the growth rate for all jobs in the US! But what if you’re not interested in becoming a translator or interpreter? That’s fine! Not everyone who studies a language wants to sit around all day translating business manuals or interpreting at conferences. Here are some examplesof other jobs can you do with a foreign language major: International relations specialist Teacher/professor Consultant Advertiser Foreign service officer Attorney Public relations For more examples of jobs for language majors, check out these excellent lists by Southeastern Louisiana University and Georgetown University. #2: How Fluent Do You Want to Become? If you’re expecting absolute fluency in your target language by the end of undergrad, know that this might not happen.(Again, this really depends on multiple factors, including what language you're learning, whether you study a lot on your own time, etc.) Although you can learn a lot with four years of college-level language instruction, it’s generally not enough to make you truly fluent in a language. This is why I suggestlooking at your bachelor’s degree as a starting point. I know, this probably sounds horrible- you spend four years learning a language and I'm calling that a starting point. But the reality is that language learning is a lifelong process. And if you expect to use your language in your future career, you’ll need to spend time after college studying and practicing it as well. Here are six ways you can further improve your language skills after college (note that you can do most of these tips during college, too!). Tip 1: Visit and/or Live in a Country That Uses Your Target Language Although easier said than done, immersion is one of the best ways to get a language down fast. If you're in college, study abroad. Already graduated? Try to apply for jobs in your target country. One "easy" way to gain access to a country is to teach English.If you’re studying Japanese as I did, you could apply for the JET Program. If you’re studying Korean or Spanish, you could apply for the EPIK program in Koreaor the Auxiliar de Conversacià ³n Program in Spain. Tip 2: Study on Your Own Time This tip is crucial (and really hard to do when you’re no longer in school!). Finding time to study on your own is what will ultimately help you keep up your language skills and stay sharp. I suggest buying some textbooks and keeping the ones you used in college so you can review what you've learned. Your goal here is to continuously work on improving your vocabulary and grammar knowledge. Flashcards are an excellent way to jog your memory. If you're like me and hate making flashcards, try using Anki or Memriseto make and download digital flashcards instead. Tip 3: Join a Local Language Group When I felt that my spoken Japanese was getting worse, I decided to look for a language group in my area using the website Meetup. Through the Japanese-language group I found, I was able to converse in Japanese with both native Japanese speakers and other language learners. The group wasn’t just great for practice but was also extremely fun! I recommend using Meetup if you ever want to look for (or make) a language group. Tip 4: Hire a Tutor or Online Language Partner If you want to practice speaking and listening but can’t find anyone to do this with in person, try looking for a language partner or tutor online. Tons of companies offer language lessons over Skype and other video chat programs. Some of the best includeVerbal Planet, italki, and Live Lingua. Tip 5: Attend a Language School If you're hoping to improve your language skills and prefer doing so in an academic environment, consider applying to a language school. While tuition can be high, the experience and vast set of skills you acquire often make it worth the price. For example, many people I know attended aMiddlebury Language School over the summer- and all of them loved it! Tip 6: Go to Graduate School If you not only want to become fluent in a language but also want to be able to use it effectively in both professional and academic settings, grad school might be a good option for you. However, as you probably know, graduate programs (particularly master's programs) in the US can get pretty expensive, soI recommend applying for as many fellowships as possible. One of the best-funded scholarships for language learners is theForeign Languages and Area Studies (FLAS) program, which typically covers full tuition and offers a yearly stipend of $15,000 for grad students ($5,000 for undergrads). #3: What Language Are You Interested In? It’s important to understand that if you plan to use your foreign language major in a career, then your job/salary prospective will depend, in part, on which language you choose to study. For those of you thinking about becoming translators/interpreters, here’s what theBLS has to say about the types of languages that will be most in demand: "Demand will likely remain strong for translators of frequently translated languages, such as French, German, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish.Demand also should be strong for translators of Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages;for the principal Asian languages including Chinese, Japanese, Hindi, and Korean;and for the indigenous languages from Mexico and Central America such as Mixtec, Zapotec, and Mayan languages."* *All bold emphasis mine If you want to work for the US government, your best bet will be to major in a critical language. But what is a critical language exactly? According to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA), critical languages are languages that are "less commonly taught in US schools, but are essential to America’s positive engagement with the world." At present, there are 14 critical languages: Arabic Azerbaijani Bangla Chinese Hindi Indonesian Japanese Korean Persian Punjabi Russian Swahili Turkish Urdu Note that thisdoesn’t mean you won’t be able to find a job if you studied a language not on this list, such as Spanish, French, or Portuguese. Rather, all this indicates is that if you’re planning to work for the US government in particular, you might have a slightly harder time getting a job, as there is a smaller need for your language than there is for the ones listed above. Conclusion: When to Pursue a Foreign Language Major Overall, there are both advantages and disadvantages to majoring in a foreign language. I chose to major in Japanese because I knew it was the right path for me- and one I really,really wanted to take, despite the challenges I'd inevitably face. If you're thinking of pursuing a language major, make sure you're doing so for the right reasons. Once again, here are the four best reasons to major in a foreign language: You’re head over heels in love with the languageand want to make a career out of it You’ll learn skills you can apply to a variety of careers and situations You’ll be more likely to secure a job abroad should you want to work outside the US You’re interested in double majoring, which will give a professional boost to your foreign language major by equipping you with more skills you can use in the future That said, majoring in a foreign language isn't for everyone. Here are the top reasons you should not major in a foreign language: You’re not passionate about the language you’re studying You're expecting to be totally fluent by the time you graduate (while not impossible, this usually requires you to spend a lot of extra time studying and practicing your language) You’ll face a higher risk of unemployment and a lower starting salary If you're still on the fence about pursuing a language major, ask yourself the following questions to help you determine whether this major is the right decision for you: What kind of career do you want? How fluent do you want to become? What language do you want to study? In the end, whether you decide to major in a foreign language is your choice and yours alone. Just make sure you have a good reason to do so and have considered all possible pros and cons before committing to a language major! What’s Next? Not sure what to major in? Get expert advice in our guide to choosing a college major, and learn the five main factors to consider before you declare a major. Foreign language majors can be lots of fun- but they're not typically the most lucrative. Our guide tells you which college majors are likely to bring in the most cash, and offers tips on whether you should pursue one. What are the worst majors for college students? If, after graduation, you want to have an easier time finding a job with ahigh salary, consider avoiding these 26 majors. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

The various nursing intervention approaches to descrease pain among Research Paper

The various nursing intervention approaches to descrease pain among patients with sickle cell disease - Research Paper Example globin chain and is usually found from people of African-American, Middle Eastern, African, Afro-Caribbean, Indian or Mediterranean descent (McMahon, Callaghan, O'Brien, and Smith, 2002, 183) This condition usually results in haemoglobin with increased blood viscosity, dehydration, acidosis, or infection polymerise with less deformable red cells (McMahon et al, 2002). The symptoms of SCD which results to vascular occlusion are painful hand-foot syndromes, cerebrovascular occlusions, chest syndromes, and splenic sequestration resulting to splenic atrophy. It is characterized by the failure of the spleen to function optimally even in the first months of birth that usually leads to overwhelming pneumococcal infection, usually at 20% mortality rate for patients under 5 years old (Overturf, 1999). Since access to health care is seen as one of the main problems for SCD patients (Routhieaux, Sarcone, Stegenga, 2005), it becomes important to identify ways to mitigate its most immediate or im portant effect on patient which is pain described as chronic, acute or both. Pain management is an important element of care for SCD patients and related to pain management are to identify pain treatment, control or reduction. Quality of life is an overarching goal for sick patients even those with genetic disorders such as SCD. Pain reduction is usually related to increased patient satisfaction and improved quality of life even in conditions of disease and chronic pain (Adegbola, 2009). Chronic pain has been reported by people with SCD even when they now have chances of living a longer life (Adegbola, 2009). Use of pain relieving, controlling and treatment method for patients with SCD is then important for the determination of quality delivery of health care services. Various methods are employed in Hospitals settings to treat SCD patients in reducing, controlling, and treating pain. These are influenced by the pain assessor, patient access, affordability, availability, knowledge a nd orientation of administrator, and other factors that may be present during prescription or administration. This research will identify these methods and their frequency of use among patients 18 years old and below. -Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to identify the pain reduction methods used during in nursing intervention and care for patients with SCD. Through identification of these methods and their result on quality of care, nursing professionals may be provided with a guide which method or methods best suit patients with ages below 18 years old. Sickle cell disease is characterized by painful experiences of patients of all ages. In the United States alone, there are about 75,000 people with SCD and that 1 out of 12 African Americans have the sickle cell trait. While it has been suggested that chronic pain is more prevalent and severe during the earlier years of study about the disease, there still are reported daily experiences of pain by SCD patients in mor e recent cases (Adegbola, 2009). The study will identify and chronicle the methods used in reducing or removing pain among SCD patients below eighteen (18) years old during the period January 2009 to January 2010 at Kendall Regional Hospital in-patient section. The findings will aid nurses whose and care providers to determine which best will fit their requirement or need of their patients aged 18 years old and below as well as inform them of available options and best practices in SCD pain management. -Specific aims The specific aim of this study is