Macbeth, Darkness Essays (713 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth, Darkness Late Night With Macbeth In Shakespeare's play, Macbeth, darkness and night play a major role. Many deaths and other major events occur during this time. Macbeth is overwhelmed by power and feels he is unstoppable. There is something about the absence of light that makes people act different. Macbeth fell into this category and sees he is not the same man he usually is during the day. Macbeth is at his best and his worse during this time period. Dependent on darkness, guiltfull disorder and surrounding effects. The life of Macbeth and his wife revolved around darkness. Macbeth depends heavily on darkness. Most of his actions occur during the night. Macbeth uses this time to cover his evil actions and intentions. He and Lady Macbeth plot and plan their evil deeds at night so heaven can not see their doings. The darkness it self also assists their planning. Come thick night/ And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of dark. (1.5 48-51) The only way Lady Macbeth sees she can complete her deeds is with the help of hell and darkness. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth fell that if there were no darkness their plans would never arise. Guilt is a felling of remorse when you have done something wrong and can not get it off your mind. It will haunt you until something is done about it, guilt may be the worst felling that can be felt by a person. Disorder is felt when you do not understand your surroundings, the most common items will seem confusing. There are many examples of guilt and disorder in Shakespeare's play, Macbeth. Macbeth and his wife are unable to sleep at night because of their felling of guilt. Macbeth says 'I have murdered sleep' meaning he has killed the king during his sleep and he will sleep no longer. We find out Lady Macbeth kills her self because her overwhelmed felling of guilt. This tragic death also occurs because of her disordered behavior of sleep walking. Macbeth feels there should be a destruction of all moral laws that prevent him from doing evil. His guilt builds inside him which possesses him to continue his wrong doings. Come seeling night/ Scaf up the tender eye of pitiful day, / And with thy bloody and invisible hand/ Cancel and tear the great bond/ Which keeps me pale (3.2 46- 52) Macbeth begins to believe he can hide his murders from daylight. Macbeth is in so much disorder that he is unable to recognize Banquo's ghost. He is unable to realize that his illusions really are a reflection of guilt. Macbeth plays a major role on the effect of his surroundings. Each new morn/ New windows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows/ Strike heaven on the face, that it resounds/ As if it felt with Scotland (4.3 4-7) Macduff's comment reflects the overall felling of sorrow and remorse in Scotland. Macbeth has such a great impact that if the chaos is not caused personally others would follow his example. It is unknown to Macbeth how great of an impact he has on his people. During the night Macbeth wreaks havoc and when morning arose Scotland mourns a loss of a king. Macbeth's actions are unnatural and brutal like a wild animal. Tis unnatural/ On Tuesday last/ A falcon towering in her pride of place/ Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed. (2.4 11-14) Macbeth, unable to sleep plans his evil intentions. Macbeth relies and depends on darkness. As the play progresses Macbeth began to see night as a friend or guide. Most of his actions are planned during this time, sometimes with the help of Lady Macbeth. The guilt he bares is so much that he and Lady Macbeth are unable to sleep. He causes a major upset in Scotland but also many people fallow in his footsteps. His intent to be king snowballed into a massacre, which led to his killing. Shakespeare creates a dark play about murder and evil. He shows what a man consumed by darkness can do to an entire kingdom and himself. Shakespeare Essays

Abused Wives essays

Abused Wives essays Every three minutes a woman is raped! Every fifteen seconds a woman is battered! Every six hours a woman is battered to death! (Mckenzie, Cover) Research indicates that half the women in this country will experience some sort of violence, from a husband or boyfriend, in one form or another and more than one-third are battered repeatedly every year. (Wilson, pg. 8) Domestic violence is often dismissed as a problem that affects only a small group of women, however, as the facts show, the problem is not rare. The term wife abuse has many definitions: One of these is the use or threat of physical violence against a partner in a primary relationship. Physical violence is defined as an act that has the potential for physical injury to occur. According to this definition the abused person does not have to be married to the abuser to qualify as an abused victim. In most states, if a woman does not want to press charges against her husband/boyfriend, the case is dropped. Often a woman will not press charges because she is scared of further abuse and/or economic deprivation for her and her children. (Felder, Victor, pg.20) Wife abuse is not a private matter. Its presence undermines society. Furthermore in cases where children are witnessing the abuse, the effects on the children is horrible. Studies show that children who witness wife-abuse are at greater risk for being abused or becoming abusers themselves. Violence begets Violence (Straus, Gelles, Steinmetz, pg.97-101) The Attorney General should prosecute wife-abuse cases with or without the consent of the victim. Throughout history men have been held responsible for their women and children. With that responsibility, men were given power; That is, men historically have had the power to use force to control the behavior of their dependents and were expected to use so-called reasonable force in the exercise of their responsibilitie...

Comparative governance PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative governance - PowerPoint Presentation Example The necessary of the existence of government is also rejected by many because some think that government has the power and it can use it in a wrong way to exploit people. But with new entrants as the predators from other countries government is needed to have a control. The general bodies where government needs to have control are been listed below. Thus every countries government has certain regulations and laws for its citizens to control the country in a proper way and also has important role in the development of the country along with its citizens by providing them with the best available facilities and allocating the resources properly among all of them . The particular topic covers the comparison of the role of government in various society issues in three different countries UK, USA and New Zealand on various factors like judicial system, legal system etc (Baker, 2002, pp. 72–76). The comparison is done on the basis of its judicial, legal, other policies which affect the society in a big way. For UK the capital town is London and UK is the key global player in both political and military field. It has a huge impact ratio in the UN, NATO and EU (Cairns and Macleod, 2002, pp. 65-68). There is lot of differences in the legal regulations among different countries. This legal forums help each government to maintain a good environment and have a control over the crimes been conducted (Elliott and Quinn, 1998, pp. 70-75). In UK, the legal system is made and reviewed under the Act made by Parliament for the Human Rights if 1998. It has provision of law system which is common for all and has implemented a nonbinding judicial act which makes the laws common for all the citizens (Richardson, 2006, pp. 25-28). In US the laws in the federal system are made based on common English law and in the state level the laws are made taking the common law in consideration. This state law is implemented in all

Churchill, hitler, and the unnecessary war Term Paper

Churchill, hitler, and the unnecessary war - Term Paper Example Germany was also barred from building up large army. Tanks, aircrafts and submarines were also not allowed to be held by Germany. All these steps were deemed to be taken to prevent Germany from initiating any other war. Germany abided by the restrictions imposed by this treaty only by the end of second decade of the 20th century. In January 1933, Adolf Hitler was powered up by the disgruntled and poor people of Germany to take over the throne. The basis of their belief in Hitler was that they wanted a person who might empower Germany again and pull to pieces the unjust and unfair treaty. As a result, Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany. Soon after he became the Chancellor, he started the building up of German forces. He also empowered the German army by equipping it with modern weapons. Initially, all this was done secretly but soon it came to light. However, the Great Britain and France took it lightly. They were of the view that these actions will strengthen and will be helpful in stopping the flourish of Communism in Europe. After having built up the German forces for 2 years, Hitler gave them order to enter into Rhineland in 1936. The reason provided by Germany for this invasion is the threat that Germany was facing as a result of treaty with Russia. So, it became very important for Germany to post its troops in Rhineland. It is also considered by many historians reasonable that as Rhineland was a part of Germany, so, there is no bar if German troops are posted there. However, Germany was very weak at this point and little intervention by Britain or France could have defeated them. However, neither of these two intervened as they did not want to start another war with Germany. Meanwhile, Hitler also stepped forward to make allies with two important countries of Japan and Italy. Later on, Hitler advanced to take back the land of Austria. In March 1938, Hitler ordered German army to march in Austria to occupy the land. Austrian leader was then forced to c onduct a poll to decide whether the people of Austria wanted union with Germany. The results showed the favor of 99% of the citizens of Austria to live with Germany. The Austrian leader asked for help but, on been satisfied from Hitler side, none of Britain and France came to help Austria. Adolf Hitler promised that the union of Austria with Germany will end the aims of expansion of Hitler and he will not move further on. However, breaching his own words, Hitler insisted that the region of Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia should be handed over to Germany. Neville Chamberlain, the then British Prime Minister, met Hitler thrice in September, 1938. Chamberlain was himself of the view that Treaty of Versailles was not just and equitable for Germany. So, he took a soft corner for Germany. Finally, it was decided in Munich Agreement that the region of Sudetenland would be handed over to Germany on the provision of Hitler’s assurance that he would not make claims for any further territ ories. The agreement was mutually decided and signed by German, British, French and Italian leaders. However, Czech government was not involved in the agreement upon which they recorded their protest. However, Hitler occupied whole of the Czechoslovakia in 1939 March. Czechoslovak government asked for help but none of Britain and France intervened in the invasion. However, both of these countries promised that they would take military action against Hitler if the German forces advanced towards Poland. On September 1 1939, German forces occupied Poland

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

English class - Essay Example Assassinations regularly feature in the game. Fire fighting and flying helicopters are simulated. In the later releases, especially after the grand theft auto 2, players are forced to overcome extreme and unfortunate events like being left for the dead and betrayal. This becomes a motivation for advancing through the criminal ladder in the game leading to the triumph of the character by the end of the story line (Bogenn 79). The game also involves driving taxis and carjacking. The grand theft auto III makes violence to be more realistic and practical to children. The players have opportunities to pay for prostitution services with the aim of recovering health. Then the players can kill to recover the money. The game is seen to be moving from the traditional heroic roles offered by the games to illegal activities. The players are forced to commit a wide variety of crimes (Kutner and Olson 41). The grand theft auto displays a notion where the player only faces short term consequences. In the game, the players end up killing policemen and soldiers. Grand theft auto is said to have controversial content especially with regard to children. The episodes of the game are said to have a grave impact of the children’s behavior. The video game is linked to aggression and addiction to vices and violence. A study in 2001 showed that contents of grand theft auto and similar games lead to increased aggression less pro-social behavior among children (Bogenn 79). The violence practiced in the games makes children be comfortable with antisocial behavior like ignoring the rights of others. Grand theft auto is also said to have positive impacts on children. It’s been argued that it trains children to be team players, competitive and that the video characters are not reflected in the real life situation. Grand theft auto leads to both long term and short term aggressive and violent behavior (Kutner and Olson 41). The video game depicts women as sex objects

Relationships Between Language And Culture English Language Essay

Relationships Between Language And Culture English Language Essay The relationships between language, thought and culture have been one of the myths of language for centuries. This paper will assess the power of language and the mutual influence between language and culture by observing cognition of different language speakers. The aim of this essay is to find out the influence they have on each other, and to evaluate the relationship between language and culture. The mutual influence between language and culture will be the major focus of this essay. The main argument would be discussing whether language really influences culture or it just reflects culture. One of the definitions for language was established by Harcourt (2005): communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Such a system includes its rules for combining its components, such as words. Such a system as used by a nation, people, or other distinct community; often contrasted with dialect (p. 633) Thinking is often understood as an intra-mental activity inside an individual mind. In the process of thinking, language is used as a tool with inner speech representing vocalized thinking. Language is therefore possible to be a variable influencing thought. The grammar, syntax, limitations and traits of a language may shape the thinking style of the language speakers. Anthropology theories/concepts (200-250 words) In this thesis, ethnolinguistics, the study of the relationships between language and culture, and how they mutually influence and inform each other (Haviland, 1999), will be the main focus. Two anthropological theories, linguistic relativity and historical particularism (historicism), will be discussed as the first is the main theory of this study and the second one will function as a backup. Linguistic relativity The main theory, linguistic relativity, is the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language (Haviland, 1999). Under the theory of linguistic relativity, users of markedly different grammars are pointed by their grammars toward different types of observations and different evaluations of externally similar acts of observation, and hence are not equivalent as observers but must arrive at somewhat different views of the world (Whorf and Caroll, 1956). In other words, people speak in different languages would have different thinking styles and cognition of the world. Furthermore, the schools of thought can be represented by two extremes, linguistic determinism and universalism. There are two forms of linguistic relativity according to their interpretation of the power of language, linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism, while universalism is an opposite idea to linguistic relativity. These concepts will lead to the main argument of this thesis. Determinism is the strongest form of linguistic relativity. It suggests that language can affect thinking, linguistic relativity holds that speakers of different languages think differently. Relativism is the modest form of linguistic relativity. Its idea is that, language can affect thinking, linguistic relativity holds that speakers of different languages think differently (Wolff and Holmes, 2010). In contrast, universalism is an opposite concept. In the idea of universalism, cultures, or at least languages, vary in innumerable ways; but there are patterns of variation that reflect universal properties that we might call the nature of language (Croft, 2010). Apart from linguistic relativity, the theory of historical particularism will be used as a backup theory in this thesis. Historical particularism Historical particularism is a school of anthropology prominent in the first part of the twentieth century that insisted on the collection of ethnographic data (through direct fieldwork) prior to making cross-cultural generalizations (Ferraro and Andreatta, 2011). It emphasizes that each culture is a unique result of its distinctive past, which makes cross-cultural generalizations questionable (Bailey, G. A. and Peoples, J., 2010). Culture influences language According to historical particularism, each culture has its own shape and is partially composed of traits diffused from other cultures since each society has their own past and they are a representation of that unique past. Since that culture and history are interrelated, and language is a tool to record and carry forward the history of a society. There is an often-cited example of linguistic relativism, Eskimo words for snow. It is a claim saying that Eskimos have an unusually large number of words for snow in their language. In English, we add adjective, participles or preposition phrases to modify the word snow, like falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed hard like ice, slushy snow, wind-driven flying snow, etc. However, the word snow is too inclusive to an Eskimo, they use different words for different kinds of snow instead. From the Eskimo words for snow claim, it was discovered that some languages may rich in words and expressions describing a specific thing. And the vocabulary of a language can be a peephole for us to look into that culture. The concept of jade in Chinese literature In literary Chinese culture, jade has some metaphorical meanings. The concept of jade vastly appears in various contexts of Chinese poetry and idioms. Even among most of the common vehicles of Chinese metaphors, jade deserves special attention. The literary concept and image Chinese attached to the word jade (à §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °) reflect Chinese jade culture in their tradition. The concept of jade has appeared in the content of various types of Chinese literature, such as poetry and idiom. In Chinese language, there are many idioms linked with jade. The use of jade in those idioms usually is to symbolize beautiful and fine things. The followings are some examples: Idioms à ¨Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯ à ©Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ºÃ‚ «Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…“à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ° à ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬  à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ £Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ° Implications of jade luxury beauty talent stainlessness valuable contributions Additionally, there are hundreds jade-related characters take jade (à §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °) radical, despite jade (à §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °) itself. Most of those characters have descriptive meanings of some specific kind of jade ¼Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…“ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã…’etc. ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °, knocking sound of, the color of or even the stains on a jade ¼Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¢ respectively ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. Jade-related characters à §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…“ à §Ã‚ Ã‚  à §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¤ à §Ã… ½Ã‚ ¦ à §Ã… ½Ã‚ ² à §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¾ meanings fine jade joint jade precious jade panannular jade ring tinkling of pieces of jade jade used as tally From the above examples of the literary use of jade, we can notice that the concept of jade is attached with numerours good features and enjoys a high position (as Chinese people created a lot of jade-related characters) in Chinese culture. It is said in the Book of Rites, one of the Chinese Five Classics of the Confucian canon, that since ancient time, all gentlemen wear pendants of jade-stones, and that they should never be without them unless there is sufficient reason (à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¨Ã‹Å" ·Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨- »). Jade has played a very important role in traditional Chinese culture. (Yang, 2011) The above example about literary concept of jade in Chinese literature shows cultures influence on language. It evidences that language is a reflection of culture. Japanese terms for rain Similar with the Eskimo words for snow claim, there is another word myth in Japanese. There are unusually many different terms which can be used to express different types of rain in Japanese. These terms categorize the rain into different types, by intensity, season, duration and even characteristics. Here are some expressions of rain or related to rain in Japanese. Types of rain in Japanese Pronunciation in Japanese Meanings à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ hakuu rain shower à ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ niwakaame rain shower à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ jakuu weak rain à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ Ãƒ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã…   koburi light rain à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ konukaame fine rain à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ enu misty rain à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ · uhyou freezing rain à ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã…’à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ harenochiame clear then rain à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ hisame very cold rain or hail à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã…“à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ yau night rain à ¦Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ·Ã… ¡ baiuzensen seasonal rain à ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ãƒ ©Ã…“- shun rin spring rain à §Ã‚ ·Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ ryokuu early-summer rain à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ juuu refreshing rain once in ten days à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ µÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ keiu welcome rain à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ £ tenkyuu rain from a cloudless sky à ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ hareichijikosame brief light rain à ©Ã…“- nagame long rain à ©Ã…“-à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨ rinu long rain à ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ °Ãƒ ©Ã…“- inrin long rain à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ yuudachi sudden evening rain The above expressions for rain in Japanese reflect the rain culture in Japan. Japanese society and culture are affected by the climate there. Frequent rain is a prominent feature of Japans climate. Japan has a high precipitation. The average rainfall in Tokyo is around 1,800 mm, nearly double the global average of 1,000 mm. The intensity of rain is also strong and varies from season to season. It rains a great deal in Japan, therefore the society, culture and even language of Japan are affected by rain. According to the theory of linguistic relativity, phenomena and things that play important roles in a given society and culture are often subdivided into various types and described using a wide variety of specialized terms. By the examples of jade in Chinese literature and rain in Japanese language, the idea that culture influences language is evidenced. Considering culture to be a product of human thought, we can deduce that language is influenced by human thought, but not unilaterally influencing culture (linguistic determinism). The theory of linguistic relativism is basically proved, but how about language influences culture? Does language only reflect culture? In the following paragraphs, the idea that language influences culture will be discussed to find out whether language and culture really have mutual influence on each other (linguistic relativism) or language does not do much in culture. Language influences culture The idea that the way we view and feel the world is, to a certain extent, dependent on the language we use. Each language contains a peculiar and unique world view, which causes speakers of that language to see and think in a characteristic way, different from the speakers of other languages. This has become known as the principle of language relativity. In this part, different cognitions of different language speakers will be shown as examples of languages influence on culture (language shapes thought) Perception of eye-witness memory and blame There is a study conducted by Caitlin Fausey at Stanford. In that study, Fausey found that eye-witness memory differ depending on the language one speaks. The way that a person records events is depending on the language who speaks. The grammatical structure of a language affects our thinking pattern and even our eye-witness memory. In that paper, a cross-linguistic difference in how English and Spanish speakers describe the same events is identified, a corresponding cross-linguistic difference in eye-witness memory is also found. For speakers of an agentive language like English, if they see someone accidentally brush against a flower vase and the vase ends up in pieces on the floor, they can easily remember who broke it. When asked about what happened, they might say, Someone (the agent) broke the vase. They can easily notice the agent of an action. In agentive languages, descriptions like this are typical and appropriate for clearly accidental events. By contrast, non-agentive language speakers description of the same event/action often sounds evasive. Even if they see the same event, when asked about what happened, they might not remember who did it, and just answer The vase is broken Furthermore, the influence of language is not only on eye-witness memory, but even on blame. A canonical non-agentive description (e.g., the vase is broken) is intransitive and does not place the person as the subject for the change-of-state event. People are sensitive to this distinction between agentive and non-agentive frames. Linguistic framing influences ones judgment about blame and punishment. In financial liability, agentive descriptions will lead to 30%-50% more in requested financial damages than non-agentive descriptions do. Judgments and blame can be affected by linguistic frame. Tetraphobia in Southeast Asian countries. Tetraphobia refers to the fear of four. It is a common superstition throughout Southeast Asian countries, for examples, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia. The fear of the number 4 is simply come from its pronunciation in Southeast Asian language. In Mandarin, its pronunciation of 4 is very close to that of the word for death, as both of them are pronounced as shi. And in Japanese and Korean, the two words are even perfectly homophonous. The superstition of tetraphobia has permeated all aspects of society in these countries, from architecture to communication norms. Here are some examples of tetraphobias impact: Many building in Hong Kong are typically built without 4-related floors, including offices, hospitals, hotels, apartments and skyscrapers. One famous example is the Vision City in Hong Kong, which is missing floors 40 through 49 The Chinese avoid phone numbers and addresses with fours, especially when theyre combined with another number that changes the meaning. Example: 94 could be interpreted as being dead for a long time. The number four was banned from license plates and can only be used once in ID numbers in Taiwan. The official sound of 4 in Japanese language is shi, but Japanese people usually use the alternate pronunciation, yon, that far away from its official sound, when talking about phone numbers and dates. The names of military aircraft and vehicles in China often start with the number 5. And South Korean and Taiwanese navies also avoid 4 when naming their ships. Table 4 is often eliminated at engagements, weddings, birthdays and other celebrations. People in society in this culture always avoid using 4 in verbal speech during holidays and when a loved one is sick or dying. From the above examples, the theory of linguistic relativism is further evidenced. The power of language is significant for sure. The language a person uses can shape whose thought. The thought of a group people forms culture. The language of a place is reflective to the culture of that place, at the same time, language promotes the culture of there. Conclusion (400-500 words) Form this study, it is clear that linguistic relativism is an evidenced theory. The relationships between language and culture are bilateral. Language is created to fulfill humans need. Therefore different society created there languages in different ways. The traits of a language are shaped by the culture of a society that created the language. The communication styles, vocabulary, grammar of a language, are all able to reflect a unique culture of a place. Language can be the epitome of a culture, and even a society. Language is a tool to express human thought and spread culture. The traits and limitations of a language affects the thinking style and cognitions of its speakers. When time goes by, it can shape the culture of a single place. Language shapes human thought and brings culture to society while it is also attached with cultures influence.

Defining the Ideal in Platos The Republic Essay -- Philosophy Religio

Defining the Ideal in Plato's The Republic In 1921, Vance Palmer, the famous Australian author and poet, noted, in his essay titled "On Boundaries", that "it is the business of thought to define things, to find the boundaries; thought, indeed, is a ceaseless process of definition". As Palmer noted, humans, by their very nature, attempt to define all things. But, more than that, we attempt to redefine subjects and ideas that have already been defined so that we can better understand what they mean, where we came from, and, perhaps most importantly of all, who we are. Writers, from the beginning of the written word through the present, have, almost in their entirety, strived to cast a new light on subjects that were previously thought to have been completely understood. Specifically, Plato, in his The Republic, struggled to define the ideal in the materialistic world. But, even after accounting for his opposition to the arts, his quest to define the ideal can exceptionally beneficial to the understanding of the theater. O nly through an exploration of these definitions of the ideal can one hope to understand them, and, more importantly, redefine them in the hope to create a new understanding of the medium and to move one step closer to perfection. In his Poetics, Plato defined his view of the world and the ideals that are a part of it. The core of Platonic thought resides in Plato's doctrine of essences, ideas, and forms. Ultimate reality, he argues, is spiritual. This spiritual realm, called The One, is composed of ideal forms or absolutes that exist whether or not any human mind realizes ... ... The perfect play may exist in the realm of Plato's The One, but I doubt that that ideal has ever been recorded. Perfection is something for which everyone has his or her own definition and opinion. How I define the ideal play will not be the same way that others define it -- and that quality is what makes it ideal. For in the unity created through the differing opinions, thoughts, and dreams, the ideal can be seen. And when someone captures that vision, and, most importantly, is able to record that vision in the form of the written word, that person will be the embodiment of perfection. That person will stood on the perfect table and looked into the perfect sky, seen the perfect play, and captured the ideal from Plato's The One. Of course, where can we go from there?